“…In this case, genome duplication is uncoupled from daughter cell formation by oscillating G and S phases, as observed in plant trichromes, Drosophila salivary glands, and in many other fly tissues ( Edgar and Orr-Weaver, 2001 ; Hammond and Laird, 1985 ; Swanhart et al, 2005 ). Polyploidy can also result from failed cytokinesis in which cells become binucleate (here on referred to as endomitosis), as observed in megakaryocytes, trophoblasts, hepatocytes, and Drosophila male accessory gland cells and larval tissues ( Cao et al, 2017 ; Gentric and Desdouets, 2014 ; Nguyen and Ravid, 2010 ; Sarto et al, 1982 ; Taniguchi et al, 2014 ). Importantly, endomitosis and endocycling are not mutually exclusive, and both pathways for increasing genome copy number per cell have been found to occur in polyploid cells, for example, in zebrafish epicardium ( Taniguchi et al, 2014 ).…”