Isolates of Liao Ning Virus from Wild-Caught Mosquitoes in the Xinjiang Province of China in 2005

Abstract

Liao ning virus (LNV) is related to Banna virus, a known human-pathogen present in south-east Asia. Both viruses belong to the genus Seadornavirus, family Reoviridae. LNV causes lethal haemorrhage in experimentally infected mice. Twenty seven isolates of LNV were made from mosquitoes collected in different locations within the Xinjiang province of north-western China during 2005. These mosquitoes were caught in the accommodation of human patients with febrile manifestations, or in animal barns where sheep represent the main livestock species. The regions where LNV was isolated are affected by seasonal encephalitis, but are free of Japanese encephalitis (JE). Genome segment 10 (Seg-10) (encoding cell-attachment and serotype-determining protein VP10) and Seg-12 (encoding non-structural protein VP12) were sequenced for multiple LNV isolates. Phylogenetic analyses showed a less homogenous Seg-10 gene pool, as compared to segment 12. However, all of these isolates appear to belong to LNV type-1. These data suggest a relatively recent introduction of LNV into Xinjiang province, with substitution rates for LNV Seg-10 and Seg-12, respectively, of 2.29×10−4 and 1.57×10−4 substitutions/nt/year. These substitution rates are similar to those estimated for other dsRNA viruses. Our data indicate that the history of LNV is characterized by a lack of demographic fluctuations. However, a decline in the LNV population in the late 1980s - early 1990s, was indicated by data for both Seg-10 and Seg-12. Data also suggest a beginning of an expansion in the late 1990s as inferred from Seg-12 skyline plot.

Enhanced arbovirus surveillance with deep sequencing: Identification of novel rhabdoviruses and bunyaviruses in Australian mosquitoes

“…We detected LNV at multiple sites in NSW. To our knowledge, this is the first detection of this virus outside China (20, 21). Although both WALV and WARV have been isolated in NSW as recently as 1995–6 (22, 23), detection of these viruses in Griffith and Hawkesbury (near Sydney) extends their distributions farther south.…”

“…and Ae. dorsalis throughout northern China (20, 21, 35). Here we report the first detection of LNV in multiple pools of different species of mosquitoes and midges from NSW collected from 1995–2005 (Table 1) indicating that LNV is geographically diffuse in NSW, Australia, and may use multiple vector species there, similar to LNV circulation in China.…”

Virus discovery and recent insights into virus diversity in arthropods

“…The collection maintained at the World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses (WRCEVA) at University of Texas Medical Branch is probably the largest and surely the most prominent of such collections. Other groups have followed similar technical approaches in that they used cell culture as a first-line tool to gain virus isolates, before applying methods aimed at their further characterization [16][17][18][19]. There have been a number of important recent studies based on RT-PCR, but these were mainly aimed at the description of novel regions of distribution of known viruses, or close relatives thereof [20][21][22][23].…”

The plasma virome of febrile adult Kenyans shows frequent parvovirus B19 infections and a novel arbovirus (Kadipiro virus)

“…Other known seadornaviruses are Liao Ning virus (Attoui et al, 2006), Balaton virus (Reuter et al, 2013), and Mangshi virus , which together with Kadipiro viruses, were all isolated from mosquitoes (Attoui et al, 2005). Vectors for members of this viral genus include Anopheles, Culex and Aedes mosquitoes (Lv et al, 2012). Based on the 2012 International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) guidelines, the close similarity of the available VP1 segments of the Kadipiro viral segments from Kenya to the sequence of the Indonesian isolate indicates that it is a strain of the Kadipiro virus rather than a novel Seadornavirus species.…”