Isolation and an N.M.R. study of pectins from flax (linum usitatissimum L.)

Davis, Elizabeth E.; Derouet, Christiane; Penhoat, C. Hervé Du; Morvan, C.

doi:10.1016/0008-6215(90)84143-i

Cited by 82 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…S-layers have a helicoidal orientation of cellulose microfibrils and abundant lignin and xylan, two polymers nearly absent in gelatinous fibers. In flax fibers, the matrix polymers are pectic galactans, built upon a RG-I backbone (Davis et al, 1990;Gurjanov et al, 2008). RG-I was also detected by cytochemical approaches in tension wood of several species (Bowling and Vaughn, 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Development of Cellulosic Secondary Walls in Flax Fibers Requires β-Galactosidase

et al. 2011

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(N.Y.M., A.V.S., T.A.G.) Bast (phloem) fibers, tension wood fibers, and other cells with gelatinous-type secondary walls are rich in crystalline cellulose. In developing bast fibers of flax (Linum usitatissimum), a galactan-enriched matrix (Gn-layer) is gradually modified into a mature cellulosic gelatinous-layer (G-layer), which ultimately comprises most of the secondary cell wall. Previous studies have correlated this maturation process with expression of a putative b-galactosidase. Here, we demonstrate that b-galactosidase activity is in fact necessary for the dynamic remodeling of polysaccharides that occurs during normal secondary wall development in flax fibers. We found that developing stems of transgenic (LuBGAL-RNAi) flax with reduced b-galactosidase activity had lower concentrations of free Gal and had significant reductions in the thickness of mature cellulosic G-layers compared with controls. Conversely, Gn-layers, labeled intensively by the galactan-specific LM5 antibody, were greatly expanded in LuBGAL-RNAi transgenic plants. Gross morphology and stem anatomy, including the thickness of bast fiber walls, were otherwise unaffected by silencing of b-galactosidase transcripts. These results demonstrate a specific requirement for b-galactosidase in hydrolysis of galactans during formation of cellulosic G-layers. Transgenic lines with reduced b-galactosidase activity also had biochemical and spectroscopic properties consistent with a reduction in cellulose crystallinity. We further demonstrated that the tensile strength of normal flax stems is dependent on b-galactosidase-mediated development of the phloem fiber G-layer. Thus, the mechanical strength that typifies flax stems is dependent on a thick, cellulosic G-layer, which itself depends on b-galactosidase activity within the precursor Gn-layer. These observations demonstrate a novel role for matrix polysaccharides in cellulose deposition; the relevance of these observations to the development of cell walls in other species is also discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Development of Cellulosic Secondary Walls in Flax Fibers Requires β-Galactosidase

et al. 2011

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“…That's why, for instance, polygalacturonic acid (PGA) or rhamnogalacturonan I (RG I), described in numerous papers on plant fibers (e.g. [52][53][54][55] can not be attributed to a certain cell wall layer. The presence of polymers just in the G-layers must be additionally proved.…”

Section: Matrix Polysaccharides In Cellulosic Fibersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellulosic Fibers: Role of Matrix Polysaccharides in Structure and Function

Mikshina¹,

Chernova²,

Chemikosova³

et al. 2013

Cellulose - Fundamental Aspects

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“…Mature fibers contain 60 to 70% cellulose (Sharma, 1986;Morvan et al, 1989;Lozovaya et al, 1990). Although the remaining material is rich in pectin, the noncellulosic polysaccharides have not been fully characterized (Davis et al, 1990;McDougall et al, 1993). After harvest, the plants are retted (by dew retting in the field or by warm-water retting in factories), a process that helps to dissociate the bundles of fibers from other parts of the stem.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell-Wall Polysaccharides of Developing Flax Plants

Gorshkova¹,

Wyatt²,

Salnikov³

et al. 1996

Plant Physiol.

145

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Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is an agronomically important source of natural fibers, especially in areas where cotton cannot be grown. The United States is a major producer of "linseed" oil from seeds of the flax plants, whereas about 80% of the flax in eastern Europe is cultivated for fiber, with two-thirds of that produced in Russia. In addition to their use in spinning and weaving into fabrics, these fine but durable fibers have many other commercial and environmental uses (Oosten, 1988). Studies of the chemical composition of the fiber cells have focused on investigations of the processed fibers and fibers in intact and "retted" plants, and attempts have been made to characterize some of the key alterations caused by an extensive processing that has an impact on fiber quality.The fibers originate from procambial cells in the protophloem (Esau, 1977). Bundles of about a dozen cells each encircle the vascular cylinder and produce thick cellulosic walls that nearly fill the lumen at maturity. Mature fibers contain 60 to 70% cellulose (Sharma, 1986;Morvan et al., 1989;Lozovaya et al., 1990). Although the remaining material is rich in pectin, the noncellulosic polysaccharides have not been fully characterized (Davis et al., 1990;McDougall et al., 1993). After harvest, the plants are retted (by dew retting in the field or by warm-water retting in factories), a process that helps to dissociate the bundles of fibers from other parts of the stem. Retting results in degradation of some pectins to free the fiber bundles from the pectinrich sheaths of the cortical cells. Microbial endopolygalacturonase (Chesson, 1979) or cultures of Erwinia carotovora (Morvan et al., 1989) can be used to mimic the retting process. Unlike cotton fibers, which grow as single epidermal hair cells, the strength and integrity of the flax fibers rely to a certain extent on preservation of the cell-cell cementing during the retting process.Morvan and colleagues (Morvan et al., 1989;Davis et al., 1990) provided data on the monosaccharide composition and the linkage structure of the chelator-soluble pectic polysaccharides of flax plants and unprocessed fibers. McDougall(l993) has examined the noncellulosic polysaccharides of processed fibers. Because of the limited and sometimes contradictory information on the structure of the noncellulosic polysaccharides that accumulate during fiber development and remain after processing, we have examined the soluble and pectic polysaccharides and crosslinking glycans from various organs of the developing flax plant. In addition, the cortical cells, phloem, and developing fibers are easily peeled away from the vascular cylinder and analyzed separately. These studies permitted us to compare and contrast the specific changes in polysaccharide constituents that accompany fiber and xylem development.Abbreviations: AG(P), arabinogalactan(pr0tein); D (in chemical formulas), deuterium; GalA, galacturonic acid; GLC-EIMS, GLCelectron impact mass spectrometry; Mezh, cv Mezheumok; Novo, cv Novotorzhskii; Psko, cv Psko...

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Isolation and an N.M.R. study of pectins from flax (linum usitatissimum L.)

Cited by 82 publications

References 21 publications

Development of Cellulosic Secondary Walls in Flax Fibers Requires β-Galactosidase

Development of Cellulosic Secondary Walls in Flax Fibers Requires β-Galactosidase

Cellulosic Fibers: Role of Matrix Polysaccharides in Structure and Function

Cell-Wall Polysaccharides of Developing Flax Plants

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