Isolation and characterisation of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus in Hungary – Short communication

Abstract

Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) is an emerging enteropathogen, causing great economic losses in the pig industry. After many years of quiescence, PEDV was detected in Hungary in 2016 with a recombination in its S gene. In order to determine the extent of this change, an attempt was made to isolate the recombinant PEDV. This study was extended with a variety of samples collected from three separate farms with newly identified PEDV in 2018. The recombinant PEDV from 2016 was isolated successfully along with three viruses from 2018, and one isolate from the new cases was used for whole genome determination. Whole genome sequence alignment revealed the highest identity with recombinant Hungarian and Slovenian PEDV within the low-pathogenic European viruses. This suggests that these recombinant PEDV are circulating in this area and may spread to other parts of the continent.

Re-emergence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in a piglet-producing farm in northwestern Germany in 2019

“…However, some breeding herds reported high mortality rates with up to 85% losses in suckling piglets [ 1 ]. Similar outbreaks were observed in several other Central European countries including France, The Netherlands, Italy, Slovenia, Belgium, Romania, Portugal, Spain, and Austria [ 16 – 23 ].…”

“…1 ). Close relatives are three virus strains reported in 2019, two from Hungary [ 16 ] (accessions MH593900 and KX289955) and one from France (accession MN056942).

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A retrospective study of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) reveals the presence of swine enteric coronavirus (SeCoV) since 1993 and the recent introduction of a recombinant PEDV‐SeCoV in Spain

“…When the complete genome sequences were analysed, the (Guo et al, 2018;Zhang et al, 2018 SeCoV reported in these isolates was described previously (Valkó et al, 2017(Valkó et al, , 2019 and might provide some advantages, as the S protein is a key target for PEDV neutralizing antibodies (Li et al, 2017;Okda et al, 2017). Besides, the comparison of the sequences of this recombinant region indicated that the SP4 subgroup clusters together with the more modern SeCoV strains (after 2009), but not with the older Spanish ones (1993)(1994)(1995)(1996)(1997)(1998)(1999), reinforcing the notion F I G U R E 2 Phylogenetic analysis of the porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) and the swine enteric coronavirus (SeCoV) based on the complete S-gene sequences.…”

“…In order to clarify the phylogenetic origin of the S-gene of the recombinant SeCoV with respect to those of the PEDV strains, a phylogenetic tree was constructed using the S-gene sequences from this study and those of the complete genome of the three SeCoV from Italy 2009 (Boniotti et al, 2016), Germany 2012 (Akimkin et al, 2016) and Central Eastern Europe 2016 (Belsham et al, 2016) and PEDV available in GenBank (Figure 2) (Valkó et al, 2017(Valkó et al, , 2019 and also by the -1993 (1), EGV-1993 (2), SG1-1994 (3), VA-1994 (4), MU2-1998 (5), AYL-1999 (6), 1480-2014 7, 1613-2015 as a positive control for PEDV (8), positive control for TGEV (9) and nontemplate control (10) are shown associated with this recombinant virus have been described as less severe than those of PEDV, with a significantly lower mortality (Belsham et al, 2016;Boniotti et al, 2016) and would allow the infection to pass unnoticed in a certain number of farms. Moreover, the use of PEDV diagnostic tests targeted at the S-protein, including ELISA (Carvajal, Lanza, Diego, Rubio, & Cámenes, 1995;van Nieuwstadt & Zetstra, 1991) or PCR-based assays (Kim et al, 2001), which is a naturally occurring mutant of the TGEV with a great deletion in its genome and produces a mild respiratory disease in pigs (Pensaert, Callebaut, & Vergote, 1986), provide pig population cross-immunity against the enteric virus TGEV due to their similarity.…”

“…Because of the recombinant nature of SeCoV, a diagnosis based on the detection of a particular protein or its sequence for both PEDV and TGEV may lead to incorrect identification of the viral agent and the presence of SeCoV may be unnoticed. In addition, a small segment spanning 400 bp in the 5' end of the SeCoV S-gene has been proposed as a parent in the description of a recent recombinant PEDV group in Hungary and Slovenia (Valkó et al, 2017(Valkó et al, , 2019.…”