Isolation and characterization of cellulose from coconut shell powder and its application as reinforcement in casein composite films

Abstract

Cellulose was extracted from coconut shell powder (CSP) as a source of natural fiber, and used as reinforcing material in casein composite films. Extraction was done by delignification and mercerization of CSP, with yield of 27.5% cellulose. The isolated cellulose was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The SEM micrographs revealed that the mean width of microfibrils was 5–20 µm, while AFM showed mean surface roughness of 1.37 nm. FTIR spectra revealed the absence of lignin and hemicellulose in the cellulose, indicating their successful removal from CSP during extraction of cellulose. XRD indicated crystallinity content of 65.4% in cellulose. The flow properties of extracted cellulose were compared with that of commercial grade cellulose. The bulk, tapped and true densities of extracted cellulose were 368.8, 493.8 and 1313 kg/m3, respectively, whereas Hausner ratio and Carr’s index were 1.34 and 25.3%, respectively. The reinforcing capacity of 3% cellulose was evaluated in casein films prepared by casting. Casein composite films with added cellulose increased their tensile strength and elastic modulus from 4.98 to 7.20 MPa and 9.91 to 83.42 MPa, respectively. However, the tensile strain decreased from 52.08 to 8.66% after incorporation of cellulose, indicating good toughness and resistance to deformation.

Optimization and mechanical characterization of casein and seaweed resin with hemp reinforcement: A review

“…Gupta, M. K. et al [4] In every regard, treated hemp composites outperform untreated hemp composites. A. M. Kalla et al [5] Incorporating cellulose into casein-based composite films was found to enhance their mechanical characteristics, as shown by the notable improvements in Young's modulus and tensile strength. The results suggest that cellulose obtained from CSP could be a viable reinforcement fiber for composite film production.…”

“…This study may provide useful insights for selecting the appropriate thermoset matrix and hemp fiber content in the design of ballistic armor..M. K. Gupta and others [4] Composites were produced using a manual hand lay-up method with a continuous fiber content of 15%. Alkali treatments involving 5% NaOH, 5% benzoyl chloride, and 5% NaHCO3 were applied to the treated hemp fibers, which were then used to reinforce the unsaturated polyester resin matrix..A. M. Kalla et al [5] Casein films' mechanical and water vapor barrier characteristics were enhanced by incorporating reinforcement from cellulosic fibers. Coconut shell powder was used to extract cellulose.…”

“…The mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of a hemp/polyester composite and its water absorption capacity can be altered by treatments such as alkali and benzoylation chemical processes, as well as eco-friendly methods like sodium bicarbonate treatment. A. M. Kalla et al [5]. The intention was to improve the casein films' mechanical and water vapor barrier qualities by using cellulose fibers made from CSP.…”

A Novel UV Barrier Poly(lactic acid)/Poly(butylene succinate) Composite Biodegradable Film Enhanced by Cellulose Extracted from Coconut Shell

“…A total of 12 g of CSP was sequentially treated with 390 mL of distilled water, 3 mL of glacial acetic acid, and 4.5 g of sodium chlorite. The reactants were continuously stirred for 1 h in a thermostatic water bath at 75 °C [ 33 ]. After 1 h, another 3 mL of glacial acetic acid and 4.5 g of sodium chlorite were added to the reactants again.…”

“…Alternative procedures for the extraction of cellulose have been proposed and successfully implemented; mild acids, such as glacial acetic acid, along with sodium chlorite, have been employed under ultrasonic or microwave irradiation. These alternative methods aim to enhance the extraction process while maintaining or improving the thermal stability of the extracted cellulose, enabling its application in a broader range [ 33 , 34 , 35 ]. Cotton linters were partially hydrolyzed in dilute acid.…”