Isolation and characterization of Clostridium difficile from pet dogs in Assam, India

Hussain, I.; Sharma, Rajeev; Borah, Probodh; Rajkhowa, S.; Hussain, Iftikar; Barkalita, Luit Moni; Hasin, Dilruba; Choudhury, M.; Rupnik, Maja; Deka, Naba Kumar; Saikia, G.

doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2015.09.006

Cited by 30 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…difficile CAIs has not been explored in great detail. Recent investigations have used PCR ribotyping to infer the potential for transmission between dogs and humans [ 43 – 47 ], but evidence using high-resolution genotyping methods has yet to be presented. The US is a pet friendly country with dog ownership estimated at 36.5% of households [ 16 ], which is nearly double the rate from any other country that reports these statistics [ 48 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

More than 50% of Clostridium difficile Isolates from Pet Dogs in Flagstaff, USA, Carry Toxigenic Genotypes

et al. 2016

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Nosocomial acquisition of Clostridium difficile is well documented, yet recent studies have highlighted the importance of community acquired infections and identified community associated reservoirs for this pathogen. Multiple studies have implicated companion pets and farm animals as possible sources of community acquired C. difficile infections in humans. To explore the potential role of pet dogs in human C. difficile infections we systematically collected canine fecal samples (n = 197) in Flagstaff, AZ. Additionally, nineteen fecal samples were collected at a local veterinary clinic from diarrheic dogs. We used these combined samples to investigate important questions regarding C. difficile colonization in pet canines: 1) What is the prevalence and diversity of C. difficile in this companion pet population, and 2) Do C. difficile isolates collected from canines genetically overlap with isolates that cause disease in humans? We used a two-step sequence typing approach, including multilocus sequence typing to determine the overall genetic diversity of C. difficile present in Flagstaff canines, and whole-genome sequencing to assess the fine-scale diversity patterns within identical multilocus sequence types from isolates obtained within and among multiple canine hosts. We detected C. difficile in 17% of the canine fecal samples with 10% containing toxigenic strains that are known to cause human disease. Sequencing analyses revealed similar genotypes in dogs and humans. These findings suggest that companion pets are a potential source of community acquired C. difficile infections in humans.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

More than 50% of Clostridium difficile Isolates from Pet Dogs in Flagstaff, USA, Carry Toxigenic Genotypes

et al. 2016

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“…environmental contamination through faeces) with pets that are eliminators or carriers of this pathogen (Hensgens et al, 2012). In fact, C. difficile was recently isolated from the faeces of dogs and cats (Andrés-Lasheras et al, 2018;Hussain et al, 2015;Rabold et al, 2018), and molecular epidemiology studies have shown a substantial identity between these strains and those isolated in humans (Rabold et al, 2018).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of microbial contamination and effects of storage in raw meat‐based dog foods purchased online

Morelli

Catellani

Scapin

et al. 2019

Animal Physiology Nutrition

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Feeding raw‐meat‐based diets to companion animals has become a widespread practice, and many owners are now accustomed to buying frozen ingredients online. The goals of this study were to assess the microbiological quality of raw‐meat dog foods obtained from specialized websites and to evaluate the effects of storage at different temperatures for a few days. Twenty‐nine raw dog food products were processed for quantitative bacteriology (i.e. total viable count, TVC; Escherichia coli; faecal coliforms, FC) and sulphite‐reducing clostridia, and analysed for the presence of Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Yersinia enterocolitica and Clostridium difficile. Every sample was examined right after the delivery (T0), after 24 to 48 hr and after 72 hr, both at 2°C and 7°C. At T0, the mean score for the TVC was 5.9 × 106 cfu/g (SD = 4.8 × 107 cfu/g), while those for E. coli and FC were 1.1 × 104 cfu/g (SD = 2.5 × 105 cfu/g) and 3.3 × 103 cfu/g (SD = 6.5 × 104 cfu/g) respectively. The samples stored at 2°C had a significant increase of all parameters (TVC: p < .01; E. coli: p = .03; FC: p = .04) through time. Noteworthy differences between the analyses performed at 2°C and 7°C were found for TVC (p < .01), being the samples considerably more contaminated at higher temperatures. No sample tested positive for Salmonella spp., while L. monocytogenes was isolated from 19 products, Y. enterocolitica from three products and Clostridium perfringens and C. difficile from four and six products respectively. The microbiological quality of raw‐meat dog foods sold online appears to be poor, carrying considerable amounts of potentially zoonotic bacteria and reaching greater levels of bacterial contaminations if not kept at proper refrigeration temperatures and fed soon after defrosting.

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“…Prevalences of 0-6% tend to be reported in healthy adult dogs, 82,83,102,116,130,139,144 but higher rates have also been identified (e.g., 17%). 129 Specific groups from which higher rates of shedding have been identified include hospitalized dogs (19-22%), 35,130 veterinary hospital outpatients (14-33%), 60,130,133 dogs that visit human healthcare facilities (41-58%), 83,84 and racing sled dogs (58%). 92 Colonization rates can be high in young puppies, as highlighted by a 62% prevalence in neonates 30 and a small longitudinal study that reported a cumulative prevalence of 100% in 2 litters.…”

Section: Dogsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clostridium (Clostridioides) difficile in animals

Weese

2020

J VET Diagn Invest

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Clostridium ( Clostridioides) difficile is a gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium that is an important cause of disease in people, a variably important cause of disease in some animal species, and an apparently harmless commensal in others. Regardless of whether it is a known pathogen in a particular species, it can also be found in healthy individuals, sometimes at high prevalences and typically with higher rates of carriage in young individuals. As it is investigated in more animal species, it is apparent that this bacterium is widely disseminated in a diverse range of domestic and wild animal species. Although it can be found in most species in which investigations have been performed, there are pronounced intra- and inter-species differences in prevalence and clinical relevance. A wide range of strains can be identified, some that appear to be animal associated and others that are found in humans and animals. A large percentage of strains that cause disease in people can at least sporadically be found in animals. It is a potentially important zoonotic pathogen, but there is limited direct evidence of animal–human transmission. Although C. difficile has been studied extensively over the past few decades, it remains an enigmatic organism in many ways.

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Isolation and characterization of Clostridium difficile from pet dogs in Assam, India

Cited by 30 publications

References 31 publications

More than 50% of Clostridium difficile Isolates from Pet Dogs in Flagstaff, USA, Carry Toxigenic Genotypes

More than 50% of Clostridium difficile Isolates from Pet Dogs in Flagstaff, USA, Carry Toxigenic Genotypes

Evaluation of microbial contamination and effects of storage in raw meat‐based dog foods purchased online

Clostridium (Clostridioides) difficile in animals

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