“…Various conventional removal methods have been practiced to remove cadmium and other heavy metals from contaminated water since a long time. The worth mentioning are chemical precipitation, reverse osmosis, adsorption, reverse osmosis, ion exchange and other physicochemical methods 6,7 . With time these methods have become outdated and suffer from severe drawbacks including high operational costs, continual monitoring, inefficiency in toxicant removal from dilute solutions and generation of toxic sludge [8][9][10] .…”