“…As the plant is polyploid, we inferred genetic phenotypes (genotypes) of the individuals based on the strong signal of dosage effect, as described in detail in Ray et al . ().…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 97%
“…We chose six (four novel and two cross species) from ten available microsatellite loci standardised for L. camara (Ray et al 2012). As the plant is polyploid, we inferred genetic phenotypes (genotypes) of the individuals based on the strong signal of dosage effect, as described in detail in Ray et al (2012).…”
Section: Sample Collection Dna Extraction Sequencing and Genotypingmentioning
Lantana camara is a highly invasive plant, which has spread over 60 countries and island groups of Asia, Africa and Australia. In India, it was introduced in the early nineteenth century, since when it has expanded and gradually established itself in almost every available ecosystem. We investigated the genetic diversity and population structure of this plant in India in order to understand its introduction, subsequent range expansion and gene flow. A total of 179 individuals were sequenced at three chloroplast loci and 218 individuals were genotyped for six nuclear microsatellites. Both chloroplasts (nine haplotypes) and microsatellites (83 alleles) showed high genetic diversity. Besides, each type of marker confirmed the presence of private polymorphism. We uncovered low to medium population structure in both markers, and found a faint signal of isolation by distance with microsatellites. Bayesian clustering analyses revealed multiple divergent genetic clusters. Taken together, these findings (i.e. high genetic diversity with private alleles and multiple genetic clusters) suggest that Lantana was introduced multiple times and gradually underwent spatial expansion with recurrent gene flow.
“…As the plant is polyploid, we inferred genetic phenotypes (genotypes) of the individuals based on the strong signal of dosage effect, as described in detail in Ray et al . ().…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 97%
“…We chose six (four novel and two cross species) from ten available microsatellite loci standardised for L. camara (Ray et al 2012). As the plant is polyploid, we inferred genetic phenotypes (genotypes) of the individuals based on the strong signal of dosage effect, as described in detail in Ray et al (2012).…”
Section: Sample Collection Dna Extraction Sequencing and Genotypingmentioning
Lantana camara is a highly invasive plant, which has spread over 60 countries and island groups of Asia, Africa and Australia. In India, it was introduced in the early nineteenth century, since when it has expanded and gradually established itself in almost every available ecosystem. We investigated the genetic diversity and population structure of this plant in India in order to understand its introduction, subsequent range expansion and gene flow. A total of 179 individuals were sequenced at three chloroplast loci and 218 individuals were genotyped for six nuclear microsatellites. Both chloroplasts (nine haplotypes) and microsatellites (83 alleles) showed high genetic diversity. Besides, each type of marker confirmed the presence of private polymorphism. We uncovered low to medium population structure in both markers, and found a faint signal of isolation by distance with microsatellites. Bayesian clustering analyses revealed multiple divergent genetic clusters. Taken together, these findings (i.e. high genetic diversity with private alleles and multiple genetic clusters) suggest that Lantana was introduced multiple times and gradually underwent spatial expansion with recurrent gene flow.
“…2; see
Supporting Information ). DNA extraction and microsatellite genotyping were carried out according to the method described by Ray et al (2012). Figure 2.Geographic locations from which Lantana camara specimens were collected for this study.…”
Invasive species represent examples of rapid evolutionary change in a relatively short time period. Lantana camara, a well known invasive plant in the tropics and sub-tropics, is a suitable model system to study the mechanisms underlying its rapid spread and evolution. In order to understand the dynamics of Lantana invasion, we employed population genetics tools and found differential spread of two genetic varieties across the Indian landscape. Varieties also differ in terms of their climatic adaptation and gene flow, indicating possible local adaptation. Together, this may suggest that these varieties are divergent ecotypes at very early stages of differentiation.
“…Broadly, these studies have revealed high genetic diversity in L. camara and have tried to elucidate past dispersal patterns (Vardien et al 2013, Ray and Quader 2014. Further, these markers can be useful in addressing several questions about breeding system, pollination and dispersal of the species (Ray et al 2012). However, to improve our understanding of the range expansion of the complex, there is a need for further research at a global scale that examines genetic and genomic attributes of the complex constituents.…”
Section: Understanding the Species Complexmentioning
Lantana camara L., considered among the world's worst invaders is in identity crisis and contentiously referred as Lantana camara L. (sensu lato). Taxonomic ambiguity in L. camara L. (sensu lato), a species complex is one of the grim caveats behind incompetence of its management efforts. Recognizing the extent of variability within the complex, we aim to highlight the need to circumscribe its composition to bring effective management and control efforts into practice. There is a need for clear terminology to examine weedy, naturalized and/or invasive complex constituents that have been placed under the contentious umbrella of 'L. camara L. (sensu lato)'. The time is ripe for invasion ecologists, cytogeneticists and conservationists to collaboratively focus on disentangling the complex and integrate their knowledge and expertise into management and control programs.
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