“…Indeed, the presence of serpins in tick saliva was well demonstrated though saliva proteomic studies in Dermacentor andersoni (Mudenda et al, 2014) and R. microplus (Tirloni et al, 2014a) as well as being inferred from transcriptional analysis of salivary glands from A. americanum (Mulenga et al, 2007; Porter et al, 2015), A. maculatum (Karim et al, 2011), Amblyomma triste , Amblyomma parvum , Amblyomma cajennense (Garcia et al, 2014), Amblyomma variegatum (Ribeiro et al, 2011), Hyalomma marginatum rufipes (Francischetti et al, 2011), I. scapularis (Valenzuela et al, 2002; Ribeiro et al, 2006; Mulenga et al, 2009), I. ricinus (Leboulle et al, 2002; Schwarz et al, 2013, 2014), R. appendiculatus (Mulenga et al, 2003a, b), R. microplus (Tirloni et al, 2014b), R. haemaphysaloides (Yu et al, 2013), H. longicornis (Sugino et al, 2003; Imamura et al, 2005), and Antricola delacruzi (Ribeiro et al, 2012). Accordingly, inhibitory tick serpins have been found and characterized in tick saliva, including A. americanum salivary serpin (AAS) 6 (Mulenga et al, 2007; Chalaire et al, 2011), a cross-class inhibitor of papain and trypsin-like proteases able to inhibit blood clotting and complement activation (Mulenga et al, 2013).…”