Isolation and chemical analysis of nanoparticles from English ivy (
            <i>Hedera helix</i>
            L.)

Lenaghan, Scott C.; Burris, Jason N.; Chourey, Karuna; Huang, Yujian; Xia, Lijin; Lady, Belinda; Sharma, Ritin; Pan, Chongle; LeJeune, Zorabel M.; Foister, Shane; Hettich, Robert L.; Stewart, C. Neal; Zhang, Mingjun

doi:10.1098/rsif.2013.0392

Cited by 24 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…For more general sustainable NP manufacturing, natural plant materials such as English ivy, certain native plants from India, the traditional Chinese herb Cuscuta chinensis, glycyrrhizic acid from radix glycyrrhizae, guar gum, and rice husk also can also release their own organic nanoparticles of various sizes under appropriate conditions (Barve and Chaughule, 2013; Burris et al, 2012;Im et al, 2011;Lenaghan et al, 2013;Salavati-Niasari et al, 2012;Soumya et al, 2010;Wang et al, 2013;Yen et al, 2008). Beyond plant sources, a combination of ball-milling and ultrasound can reduce other organic material sources such as waste eggshells into calcium carbonate nanoparticles (Hassan et al, 2013).…”

Section: R Bell and Othersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonlinear Effects of Nanoparticles: Biological Variability from Hormetic Doses, Small Particle Sizes, and Dynamic Adaptive Interactions

2013

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Researchers are increasingly focused on the nanoscale level of organization where biological processes take place in living systems. Nanoparticles (NPs, e.g., 1-100 nm diameter) are small forms of natural or manufactured source material whose properties differ markedly from those of the respective bulk forms of the "same" material. Certain NPs have diagnostic and therapeutic uses; some NPs exhibit low-dose toxicity; other NPs show ability to stimulate low-dose adaptive responses (hormesis). Beyond dose, size, shape, and surface charge variations of NPs evoke nonlinear responses in complex adaptive systems. NPs acquire unique size-dependent biological, chemical, thermal, optical, electromagnetic, and atom-like quantum properties. Nanoparticles exhibit high surface adsorptive capacity for other substances, enhanced bioavailability, and ability to cross otherwise impermeable cell membranes including the blood-brain barrier. With super-potent effects, nano-forms can evoke cellular stress responses or therapeutic effects not only at lower doses than their bulk forms, but also for longer periods of time. Interactions of initial effects and compensatory systemic responses can alter the impact of NPs over time. Taken together, the data suggest the need to downshift the dose-response curve of NPs from that for bulk forms in order to identify the necessarily decreased no-observed-adverse-effect-level and hormetic dose range for nanoparticles.

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Section: R Bell and Othersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonlinear Effects of Nanoparticles: Biological Variability from Hormetic Doses, Small Particle Sizes, and Dynamic Adaptive Interactions

2013

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“…In light of the fact that the presence of glycoproteins in the ivy nanoparticles has been determined in recent biochemical assays (21,23), we hypothesize that the ivy nanoparticles may consist of typical glycoproteins or proteoglycans present in the ECM of plant cells. Among them, one subfamily of hydroxyproline (Hyp)-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs), AGPs, seem to be the ideal candidates due to their vital roles in supporting the morphogenesis and function of root hairs (24)(25)(26)(27)(28).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These proteinaceous nanoparticles are presumed to exert crucial roles in facilitating the attachment of the adventitious roots and favoring the climbing of English ivy (21). However, the exact chemical constitution of the ivy nanoparticles has not been identified.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanospherical arabinogalactan proteins are a key component of the high-strength adhesive secreted by English ivy

Huang

Wang

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Over 130 y have passed since Charles Darwin first discovered that the adventitious roots of English ivy (Hedera helix) exude a yellowish mucilage that promotes the capacity of this plant to climb vertical surfaces. Unfortunately, little progress has been made in elucidating the adhesion mechanisms underlying this high-strength adhesive. In the previous studies, spherical nanoparticles were observed in the viscous exudate. Here we show that these nanoparticles are predominantly composed of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), a superfamily of hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins present in the extracellular spaces of plant cells. The spheroidal shape of the AGP-rich ivy nanoparticles results in a low viscosity of the ivy adhesive, and thus a favorable wetting behavior on the surface of substrates. Meanwhile, calciumdriven electrostatic interactions among carboxyl groups of the AGPs and the pectic acids give rise to the cross-linking of the exuded adhesive substances, favor subsequent curing (hardening) via formation of an adhesive film, and eventually promote the generation of mechanical interlocking between the adventitious roots of English ivy and the surface of substrates. Inspired by these molecular events, a reconstructed ivy-mimetic adhesive composite was developed by integrating purified AGP-rich ivy nanoparticles with pectic polysaccharides and calcium ions. Information gained from the subsequent tensile tests, in turn, substantiated the proposed adhesion mechanisms underlying the ivy-derived adhesive. Given that AGPs and pectic polysaccharides are also observed in bioadhesives exuded by other climbing plants, the adhesion mechanisms revealed by English ivy may forward the progress toward understanding the general principles underlying diverse botanic adhesives.ivy nanoparticle | ivy adhesive | arabinogalactan protein | adhesion mechanism | reconstructed adhesive A lthough there is a growing interest in exploring mechanisms regulating a variety of adhesive behaviors in the animal kingdom (1-6), the molecular basis allowing creeping plants, such as English ivy (Hedera helix), to generate sufficient adhesive force, aiding in clinging to vertical surfaces, is rarely discussed (Fig. 1A). Previous studies have emphasized mechanical strategies exploited by multiple climbing organs that evolve in plants (7-11). Nevertheless, the role of the glue-like viscous exudates that are observed on the majority of these organs and that cement the plants to the substrates has been less explored (10,12,13). Diverse polysaccharides and glycoproteins, comprising mucilaginous pectins, arabinogalactans, arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), and many others, have been identified to be the predominant components in these adhesive substances (14-17); however, the molecular mechanisms underlying the high-strength adhesion remain elusive.By means of atomic force microscopy (AFM), bulk spherical organic nanoparticles have been observed in the exudates derived from the root hairs of English ivy (18-20). These proteinaceous nanoparticles are presum...

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“…It was recognized that particles isolated from plants always contain proteins 36 . For example, proteinaceous nanoparticles had been isolated from the adventitious roots of English ivy ( Hedera helix L.) 37 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Naturally occurring proteinaceous nanoparticles in Coptidis Rhizoma extract act as concentration-dependent carriers that facilitate berberine absorption

Yin

Zhang

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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Pharmacological activities of some natural products diminish and even disappear after purification. In this study, we explored the mechanisms underlying the decrease of acute oral toxicity of Coptidis Rhizoma extract after purification. The water solubility, in vitro absorption, and plasma exposure of berberine (the major active compound) in the Coptidis Rhizoma extract were much better than those of pure berberine. Scanning electron microscopy, laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM), and dynamic light scattering experiments confirmed that nanoparticles attached to very fine precipitates existed in the aqueous extract solution. The LSCM experiment showed that the precipitates were absorbed with the particles by the mouse intestine. High-speed centrifugation of the extract could not remove the nanoparticles and did not influence plasma exposure or acute oral toxicity. However, after extract dilution, the attached precipitates vanished, although the nanoparticles were preserved, and there were no differences in the acute oral toxicity and plasma exposure between the extract and pure berberine. The nanoparticles were then purified and identified as proteinaceous. Furthermore, they could absorb co-dissolved berberine. Our results indicate that naturally occurring proteinaceous nanoparticles in Coptidis Rhizoma extract act as concentration-dependent carriers that facilitate berberine absorption. These findings should inspire related studies in other natural products.

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Isolation and chemical analysis of nanoparticles from English ivy ( Hedera helix L.)

Cited by 24 publications

References 29 publications

Nonlinear Effects of Nanoparticles: Biological Variability from Hormetic Doses, Small Particle Sizes, and Dynamic Adaptive Interactions

Nonlinear Effects of Nanoparticles: Biological Variability from Hormetic Doses, Small Particle Sizes, and Dynamic Adaptive Interactions

Nanospherical arabinogalactan proteins are a key component of the high-strength adhesive secreted by English ivy

Naturally occurring proteinaceous nanoparticles in Coptidis Rhizoma extract act as concentration-dependent carriers that facilitate berberine absorption

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