Isolation and Identification of Flavonoids from Black Cumin (Nigella sativa) by HPLC-MS and In Silico Molecular Interactions of Their Major Compounds with Fusarium oxysporum Trypsin-like Serine Protease

Abstract

Fusarium oxysporum is one of the most harmful soil-borne pathogens that cause root rot, damping-off, and wilt disease in many plant species. Management of Fusarium oxysporum diseases is often by using many harmful and expensive chemical fungicides which have many harmful effects on the environment and human health. The current study was conducted to identify the chemical constituents of black cumin seeds’ methanolic extract and investigate the ability of the major constituents to inhibit the Fusarium oxysporum trypsin-like serine protease, which play an important role in F. oxysporun pathogenicity. The HPLC-MS analysis of black cumin seeds’ methanolic extract revealed the presence of seven major compounds: amentoflavone, Procyanidin C2, Quercetin3-O-sophoroside-7-O-rhamnoside, 5,7-Dihydroxy-3,4-dimethoxyflavone, Borapetoside A, tetrahydroxy-urs-12-en-28-O-[b-D-glucopyranosyl (1-2)-b-D-glucopyranosyl] ester, and kudzusapongenol A-hexA-pen. The results of molecular docking between these compounds and the active site of Fusarium oxysporium trypsin showed that only four compounds were able to bind to the active site of F. oxysporum trypsin. Amentoflavone, 5,7-Dihydroxy-3,4-dimethoxyflavone, and Quercetin3-O-sophoroside-7-O-rhamnoside have the highest binding energy, −6.4, −6.5, and −6.5 Kcal/mol, respectively. In addition, the results clarify that 5,7-Dihydroxy-3,4-dimethoxyflavone was the only compound to form a hydrogen bond with Asp189 (the residue responsible for substrate specificity). The results of the study strongly indicate that flavonoids of black cumin seeds’ methanolic extract could be used as effective inhibitors for the F. oxysporum trypsin-like serine protease.

Phytochemical Characterization, Antioxidant, and Anti-Proliferative Activities of Wild and Cultivated Nigella damascena Species Collected in Sicily (Italy)

“…Both ions were in accordance with a dihexosyl moiety at the quercetin C-3 position, while deoxyhexose was positioned at C-7 carbon. According to this hypothesis, quercetin 3-O-sophoroside-7-O-rhamnoside was previously found in N. sativa [32]. The neutral loss of 486.15 Da from the [M-H] − ion of compound 7, and the high abundance of the TOF-MS/MS quercetin radical ion were in accordance with quercetin 3-O-trihexoside occurrence, while compound 8 was likely quercetin 3-O-hexosylpentoside-7-O-deoxyhexoside.…”