Isolation and Identification of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Subtype H5N1 from Emus from the Ein Gedi Oasis by the Dead Sea

Inbar, Amnon; Shkoda, I.; Lapin, E.; Raibstein, Israel; Rosenbluth, Ezra; Nagar, Sagit; Perk, Shimon; Bellaïche, M.; Davidson, Irit

doi:10.1637/9607-120510-case.1

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The real‐time RT‐PCR has obvious advantages over classical virus isolation methods, including speed, labor reduction, and high throughput [Li et al, 2011]. However, virus isolation is the gold standard for diagnosis of virus infection and isolated strains of the virus could be used for further study of prevalence and variation [Amnon et al, 2011; El Zowalaty et al, 2011]. Both approaches therefore should be used according to their specific benefits.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and application of a one‐step real‐time RT‐PCR using a minor‐groove‐binding probe for the detection of a novel bunyavirus in clinical specimens

Cui

Zhou

et al. 2012

Journal of Medical Virology

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A highly sensitive one-step real-time RT-PCR method using a minor-groove-binding (MGB) probe was developed for detection and quantitation of severe febrile with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV). The assay could discriminate SFTSV infection from other related viral diseases in human with a minimum detection limit of 10 viral RNA copies/µl and was 1,000 times more sensitive than the conventional PCR. Strong linear correlations (r(2) > 0.99) between the C(t) values and viral RNA standards over a linear range were obtained. The coefficients of variation of intra- and inter-assay reproducibility were both less than 2%. The RT-PCR was also shown to be highly specific, as no positive signals were detected for other related viruses. Evaluation of this assay with serum samples from laboratory confirmed cases and healthy donors showed 100% clinical diagnostic sensitivity and over 99% specificity. Clinical application with samples from 287 patients admitted to the hospital with suspected SFTSV infection showed that 15% were infected by SFTSV. This assay was rapid, requiring just over 2 hr, including the nucleic acid extraction step.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and application of a one‐step real‐time RT‐PCR using a minor‐groove‐binding probe for the detection of a novel bunyavirus in clinical specimens

Cui

Zhou

et al. 2012

Journal of Medical Virology

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“…With the emu displaying a cell tropism that could be favourable to both avian and human influenza A strains, should this species be recognised as a possible mixing vessel for the emergence of novel IAV strains? Evidence shows that the emu can carry human and avian IAVs [ 60 ] and many viral HA and NA subtypes [ 61 , 62 , 63 , 65 , 66 ], supporting the contention that these birds could provide the host conditions to facilitate genetic reassortment and give rise to novel IAV strains.…”

Section: The Emu ( Dromaius Novaehollandiae ) Has Abundant Co-expression Of α-23 and α-26 Sialic Acid Receptors On Intmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Leigh Perkins and Swayne (2002) investigated the susceptibility of emus to the highly pathogenic H5N1 virus, demonstrating how intranasal inoculation with A/chicken/Hong Kong/220/97 (H5N1) induced a high level of morbidity but no mortality [ 61 ]. In 2010, a naturally occurring outbreak of HPAI H5N1 was detected in emus at an Israeli mini-zoo at the Ein Gedi oasis near the Dead Sea [ 66 ]. Interestingly, the authors postulated migratory birds as the source of infection since, at the time, Israel was free from H5 infections, there was no commercial poultry within a 12 km radius, and no new birds had been introduced in the previous six months.…”

Section: Dromaius Novaehollandiae Is Susceptible To a Variety Of Avian And Human Influenza A Viral Subtypes Including The Pandemmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Outbreak of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H7N7) in Australia and the Potential for Novel Influenza A Viruses to Emerge

Bisset

Hoyne

2021

Microorganisms

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In 2020, several geographically isolated farms in Victoria, Australia, experienced an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus H7N7 and low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses H5N2 and H7N6. Effective containment and control measures ensured the eradication of these viruses but the event culminated in substantial loss of livestock and significant economic impact. The avian HPAI H7N7 virus generally does not infect humans; however, evidence shows the ocular pathway presents a favourable tissue tropism for human infection. Through antigenic drift, mutations in the H7N7 viral genome may increase virulence and pathogenicity in humans. The Victorian outbreak also detected LPAI H7N6 in emus at a commercial farm. Novel influenza A viruses can emerge by mixing different viral strains in a host susceptible to avian and human influenza strains. Studies show that emus are susceptible to infections from a wide range of influenza viral subtypes, including H5N1 and the pandemic H1N1. The emu’s internal organs and tissues express abundant cell surface sialic acid receptors that favour the attachment of avian and human influenza viruses, increasing the potential for internal genetic reassortment and the emergence of novel influenza A viruses. This review summarises the historical context of H7N7 in Australia, considers the potential for increased virulence and pathogenesis through mutations and draws attention to the emu as potentially an unrecognised viral mixing vessel.

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Co-expression of sialic acid receptors compatible with avian and human influenza virus binding in emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae)

et al. 2017

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Influenza A viruses (IAVs) continue to threaten animal and human health with constant emergence of novel variants. While aquatic birds are a major reservoir of most IAVs, the role of other terrestrial birds in the evolution of IAVs is becoming increasingly evident. Since 2006, several reports of IAV isolations from emus have surfaced and avian influenza infection of emus can lead to the selection of mammalian like PB2-E627K and PB2-D701N mutants. However, the potential of emus to be co-infected with avian and mammalian IAVs is not yet understood. As a first step, we investigated sialic acid (SA) receptor distribution across major organs and body systems of emu and found a widespread co-expression of both SAα2,3Gal and SAα2,6Gal receptors in various tissues that are compatible with avian and human IAV binding. Our results suggest that emus could allow genetic recombination and hence play an important role in the evolution of IAVs.

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Isolation and Identification of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Subtype H5N1 from Emus from the Ein Gedi Oasis by the Dead Sea

Cited by 4 publications

References 14 publications

Development and application of a one‐step real‐time RT‐PCR using a minor‐groove‐binding probe for the detection of a novel bunyavirus in clinical specimens

Development and application of a one‐step real‐time RT‐PCR using a minor‐groove‐binding probe for the detection of a novel bunyavirus in clinical specimens

An Outbreak of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H7N7) in Australia and the Potential for Novel Influenza A Viruses to Emerge

Co-expression of sialic acid receptors compatible with avian and human influenza virus binding in emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae)

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