Isolation and molecular characterization of zoonotic Buffalopox virus from skin lesions of humans in India

Marinaik, Chandranaik B.; Venkatesha, Mudalagiri D.; Gomes, Amitha R.; Reddy, P. Vineel; Nandini, Poojappa; Byregowda, S. M.

doi:10.1111/ijd.13890

Cited by 15 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Milkers suffered pox-like local lesions on their hands, forearms, and forehead, presented with pyrexia, axillary lymphadenopathy, and general malaise [8,10]. Further similar outbreaks had also been described also in animals and humans [31,51] and a recent case report on human infection with BPXV was made on an Indian milkman and owner [29]. Manual milking with bare hands exposed these individuals to the infection.…”

Section: Clinical Featuresmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…The emergence of BPXV occurred by gradual adaptation of the vaccine strain in buffaloes [ 26 ] until it converted to pathogenic, leading to outbreaks in this new host. Consequently, buffalopox outbreaks occurred frequently in many parts of India, affecting both buffaloes [ 10 , 17 , 27 ] and humans [ 10 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ]. Reports on zoonotic outbreaks of buffalopox have been made from Pakistan as well [ 14 , 36 ].…”

Section: Epidemiology Host Range and Immune Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

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Buffalopox Virus: An Emerging Virus in Livestock and Humans

et al. 2020

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Buffalopox virus (BPXV) is the cause of buffalopox, which was recognized by the FAO/WHO Joint Expert Committee on Zoonosis as an important zoonotic disease. Buffalopox was first described in India, later in other countries, and has become an emerging contagious viral zoonotic disease infecting milkers with high morbidity among affected domestic buffalo and cattle. BPXV is a member of the genus Orthopoxvirus and a close variant of the vaccinia virus (VACV). Recent genome data show that BPXV shares a most recent common ancestor of VACV Lister strain, which had been used for inoculating buffalo calves to produce a Smallpox vaccine. Over time, VACV evolved into BPXV by establishing itself in buffaloes to be increasingly pathogenic to this host and to make infections in cattle and humans. Together with the current pandemic of SARS-COV2/COVID 19, BPXV infections illustrate how vulnerable the human population is to the emergence and re-emergence of viral pathogens from unsuspected sources. In view that majority of the world population are not vaccinated against smallpox and are most vulnerable in the event of its re-emergence, reviewing and understanding the biology of vaccinia-like viruses are necessary for developing a new generation of safer smallpox vaccines in the smallpox-free world.

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Section: Clinical Featuresmentioning

confidence: 75%

Section: Epidemiology Host Range and Immune Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

Buffalopox Virus: An Emerging Virus in Livestock and Humans

et al. 2020

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“…In the contemporary era, there is an alarming realization of the spread of emerging viral infections that poses great challenge to the health professionals. Buffalopox, a zoonotic viral infection is one among such threats that is associated with significant morbidity and mortality [2] . Buffalo pox is a rare disorder that could pose a possible threat of spread among individuals coming in close contact with the infected animal and person.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are only few published reports of cases available. Based on our search for key word "buffalo pox" in PubMed, there are four case presentations [1][2][3][4] and few articles on outbreak of buffalopox [5][6] . From 2013-2014 we witnessed an increase in the number of cases of buffalo pox virus in a rural community among milkers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Buffalopox: A professional hazard

Bhokare¹

2022

Int. J. Dermatol. Venereology Leprosy Sci.

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Buffalo pox is a rare disorder associated with significant morbidity and mortality. There are only few published case reports. With the presence of few sporadic cases among milkers even today, the case presentation of buffalo pox infections since 2013-2014 is highly pertinent. A case series of individuals presenting with buffalo pox like lesions at different parts of the body with or without added symptoms of body ache, fever, myalgia, lymphadenopathy is presented. Here interesting is dermatologist {author} contracted the infection from patient. Due to the limitation of accessibility to differential diagnosis labs in rural India and due to the rare incidence of the disease, early recognition of signs and symptoms can prevent the spread of the disease. Sharing of specific experience of medical practitioner and timely interventions are crucial in preventing the spread of harmful zoonosis.

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“…BPXV causes pock-like lesions, primarily in domestic buffaloes ( Bubalus bubalis ), but cattle and humans can also be infected and hence is considered a potential zoonotic threat ( Roy and Chandramohan 2021 ). Buffalopox is primarily restricted to the Indian subcontinent, but the infection has also been reported in Egypt, Russia, and Italy ( Singh et al 2007 ; Marinaik et al 2018 ; Yadav et al 2020 ; Roy and Chandramohan 2021 ). Currently, there is no specific vaccine or antiviral drug available against BPXV infection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resistance Evolution against Host-directed Antiviral Agents: Buffalopox Virus Switches to Use p38-ϒ under Long-term Selective Pressure of an Inhibitor Targeting p38-α

Chander

Kumar

Verma

et al. 2022

Molecular Biology and Evolution

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Host-dependency factors have increasingly been targeted to minimize antiviral drug resistance. In this study, we have demonstrated that inhibition of p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK, a cellular protein) suppresses buffalopox virus (BPXV) protein synthesis by targeting p38-MNK1-eIF4E signaling pathway. In order to provide insights into the evolution of drug resistance, we selected resistant mutants by long-term sequential passages (P; n = 60) in the presence of p38 inhibitor (SB239063). The P60-SB239063 virus exhibited significant resistance to SB239063 as compared to the P60-Control virus. To provide mechanistic insights on the acquisition of resistance by BPXV-P60-SB239063, we generated p38-α and p38-ϒ (isoforms of p38) knockout Vero cells by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing. It was demonstrated that unlike the WT virus which is dependent on p38-α isoform, the resistant virus (BPXV-P60-SB239063) switches over to use p38-ϒ so as to efficiently replicate in the target cells. This is a rare evidence wherein a virus was shown to bypass the dependency on a critical cellular factor under selective pressure of a drug.

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Isolation and molecular characterization of zoonotic Buffalopox virus from skin lesions of humans in India

Cited by 15 publications

References 10 publications

Buffalopox Virus: An Emerging Virus in Livestock and Humans

Buffalopox Virus: An Emerging Virus in Livestock and Humans

Buffalopox: A professional hazard

Resistance Evolution against Host-directed Antiviral Agents: Buffalopox Virus Switches to Use p38-ϒ under Long-term Selective Pressure of an Inhibitor Targeting p38-α

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