Isolation, characterization, and expression ofLe-msx, a maternally expressed member of the msx gene family from the glossiphoniid leech,Helobdella

Master, Viraj A.; Kourakis, Matthew J.; Martindale, Mark Q.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0177(199612)207:4<404::aid-aja5>3.0.co;2-l

Cited by 21 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…Furthermore, most of the other mRNAs folded for this study have a maternal component of expression, with the exception of Hro‐hes , and all localize to the teloplasm of uncleaved zygotes ( Lzf2, Savage & Shankland ; Le‐msx, Master et al . ; Hro‐twist, Soto et al . ; and this study; Hro‐nos , Kang et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Identification of 3′UTR sequence elements and a teloplasm localization motif sufficient for the localization of Hro‐twist mRNA to the zygotic animal and vegetal poles

et al. 2012

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The early localization of mRNA transcripts is critical in sorting cell fate determinants in the developing embryo. In the glossiphoniid leech, Helobdella robusta, maternal mRNAs, such as Hro-twist, localize to the zygotic teloplasm. Ten 7 nucleotide repeat elements (AAUAAUA) called ARE2 and a predicted secondary structural motif, called TLM (teloplasm localization motif), are present in the 3′UTR of Hro-twist mRNA. We utilized site-directed mutagenesis, deletions, and microinjection of labeled, exogenous transcripts to determine if ARE2 elements, and the TLM, play a role in Hro-twist mRNA localization. Deleting the poly-A tail and the cytoplasmic polyadenylation element (CPE) had no effect on Hro-twist mRNA localization. Site-directed mutagenesis of nucleotides that altered ARE2 element sequences or the TLM suggest that the ARE2 elements and the TLM are important for Hro-twist mRNA localization to the teloplasm of pre-cleavage zygotes. Hro-Twist protein expression data suggest that the localization of Hro-twist transcripts in zygotes and stage two embryos is not involved in ensuring mesoderm specification, as Hro-Twist protein is expressed uniformly in most cells before gastrulation. Our data may support a shared molecular mechanism for leech transcripts that localize to the teloplasm.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…), and Le‐msx , after multiple cell divisions, becomes concentrated in cells giving rise to the mesoderm and ectoderm (Master et al . ). Hau‐pax3/7a and Hau‐pax beta1 maternal transcripts localize to the zygotic teloplasm and segregate to early ectodermal and mesodermal precursors (Woodruff et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Identification of 3′UTR sequence elements and a teloplasm localization motif sufficient for the localization of Hro‐twist mRNA to the zygotic animal and vegetal poles

et al. 2012

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“…Multiple Msx genes have been isolated from vertebrates, including mouse (three genes), chick (two genes), Xenopus (two genes) and zebrafish (five genes); single Msx genes have been reported from invertebrates, including Drosophila, ascidian, sea urchin and leech (Ma et al 1996;Master et al 1996;Dobias et al 1997;Ekker et al 1997;Isshiki et al 1997). The three mouse Msx genes are all expressed in the dorsal neural tube, while Msx-1 and Msx-2 are also expressed in other tissues during embryogenesis, including cranial neural crest cells, placodes, limb buds, tooth buds, genital tubercle, pituitary and hair follicles.…”

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confidence: 99%

An amphioxus Msx gene expressed predominantly in the dorsal neural tube

1999

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Genomic and cDNA clones of an Msx class homeobox gene were isolated from amphioxus (Branchiostoma floridae). The gene, AmphiMsx, is expressed in the neural plate from late gastrulation; in later embryos it is expressed in dorsal cells of the neural tube, excluding anterior and posterior regions, in an irregular reiterated pattern. There is transient expression in dorsal cells within somites, reminiscent of migrating neural crest cells of vertebrates. In larvae, mRNA is detected in two patches of anterior ectoderm proposed to be placodes. Evolutionary analyses show there is little phylogenetic information in Msx protein sequences; however, it is likely that duplication of Msx genes occurred in the vertebrate lineage.

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“…Continuing his postdoctoral work on leech, Mark, then an Assistant Professor at the University of Chicago, studied homeodomain gene expression during leech development (Master et al, 1996; Kourakis et al, 1997; Kourakis and Martindale, 2001). Expanding the list of animals in which the expression of Hox genes had been investigated, Mark's group studied the heterogeneous segmented polychaete Chaetopterus, to illuminate whether Hox genes are responsible for patterning the morphological boundaries in this annelid (Irvine et al, 1999; Irvine and Martindale, 2000).…”

Section: The Evolution Of Animal Body Plansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mark Q. Martindale: shedding new light on developmental diversity

Hejnol¹

2011

Int. J. Dev. Biol.

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Martindale has worked on a wide range of animals, mostly marine species, in contrast to many evo-devo researchers who often use a single "well-established" model organism. His work demonstrates how the insights gained by studying less "popular" animal taxa not only complement, but also significantly enrich our knowledge of the evolution of metazoan body plans and of the events that have led to the current animal diversity. KEY WORDS: Mark Q. Martindale, Kowalevsky Medal, evolutionary developmental biology Mark Q. Martindale -a life fueled by curiosity for marine animalsThe awarding of the Kowalevsky Medal to Mark Q. Martindale is a perfect fit given that -similarly to Kowalevsky -Martindale has dedicated his professional life to studying the embryology of marine invertebrates. Both of these scientists have worked at various marine stations to gain access to a tremendous diversity of embryos; both have worked on many species of the same animal taxa (leech, phoronids, hemichordates, brachiopods, cephalopods, ctenophores) (Kowalevsky, 1866(Kowalevsky, , 1867(Kowalevsky, , 1871(Kowalevsky, , 1883(Kowalevsky, , 1897. Therefore, it is not surprising that both Kowalevsky and Martindale, each in his own way, have contributed greatly to our understanding of the evolution of animal organ systems and germ layers (e.g., mesoderm).Mark Q. Martindale grew up in Cleveland, Ohio, where, even as a child, he was fascinated with marine animals. Working at a local pet store, he was able to expand his interests and maintained marine aquaria in his family home. He also learned SCUBA (Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus) diving and was able to observe these animals in their natural setting. As an undergraduate student, he studied biology under the influential mentorship of John B. Morrill at the New College of the University of South Florida. Among colleagues of Mark, who worked in John Morrill's lab at that time, were such developmental biologists as Int. J. Dev. Biol. 55: 237-242 (2011) Understanding developmental mechanismsMark has been an experimental embryologist from the beginning. His initial work was done on the spiralian freshwater gastropod Lymnaea, in which he investigated the role of the D-quadrant during determination of the body axis in relation to the animalvegetal axis of the embryo Martindale, 1986b). During his PhD work, he switched organisms and began working on marine invertebrates. The results of his PhD thesis ("The role of ontogeny on the expression of adult symmetry properties in the ctenophore, Mnemiopsis mccradyi") stemmed from his experimental manipulations on embryos and adults greatly improved our understanding of the developmental biology of these enigmatic animals.Following the tradition of experimental embryology, Mark applied new methods during his PhD, such as laser cell ablation, to find developmental mechanisms that can play a role in the establishment of the body axes of the adult. From his PhD thesis, he published a series of experiments on ctenophore development before he t...

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Isolation, characterization, and expression ofLe-msx, a maternally expressed member of the msx gene family from the glossiphoniid leech,Helobdella

Cited by 21 publications

References 48 publications

Identification of 3′UTR sequence elements and a teloplasm localization motif sufficient for the localization of Hro‐twist mRNA to the zygotic animal and vegetal poles

Identification of 3′UTR sequence elements and a teloplasm localization motif sufficient for the localization of Hro‐twist mRNA to the zygotic animal and vegetal poles

An amphioxus Msx gene expressed predominantly in the dorsal neural tube

Mark Q. Martindale: shedding new light on developmental diversity

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