Isolation, Identification, and Genetic Characterization of Antibiotic Resistance of Salmonella Species Isolated from Chicken Farms

Abstract

Salmonella is a major cause of foodborne outbreaks. It causes gastroenteritis in humans and animals. This micro-organism causes severe illness in chickens and has a major impact on chicken productivity and the poultry industry. This study aimed to address the prevalence of Salmonella infection in broiler chicken farms in Kafrelsheikh, Gharbia, and Menofeya provinces in Egypt during 2020–2022. This work also aimed to evaluate the genetic characterization and antibiotic resistance of the isolated Salmonella strains. Clinical signs and mortalities were observed and recorded. In total, 832 samples were collected from 52 broiler flocks, including 26 from both one-week-old and 6-week-old chicken farms from different organs (liver, intestinal content, spleen, and gallbladder). The prevalence of Salmonella infections was reported in the study region to be 36.54%. Of the 26 one-week-old farms surveyed, 11 (42.31%) and 8/26 (30.77%) of the six-week-old broiler chicken farms had Salmonella infections. Recovered isolates were serotyped as 9 (47.37%) S. enteritidis O 1,9,12, ad monophasic H: g, m: -, 6 (31.58.%) S. shangani 2, (10.53%) S. gueuletapee 1, (5.26%) S. II (salamae), and 1 (5.26%) untypable. The results showed that Salmonella infection was predominant in one-week-old chicks compared to infection in six-week-old and uninfected flocks. All Salmonella isolates were resistant to ampicillin and erythromycin, while all isolates were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, and levofloxacin. The isolates also contained 10.53% (2/19) streptomycin, 10.53% (2/21) gentamicin, 15.79% (3/19) doxycycline, and 26.32% (5/19) lincomycin and colistin. The phenotypically resistant Salmonella samples against ampicillin, erythromycin, and macrolide harbored blaTEM, blaSHV, ermB, ereA, mphA, and ermB, respectively. This baseline data on Salmonella spp. prevalence, serotyping, and antibiotic profiles are combined to define the antimicrobial resistance to this endemic disease. Elucidation of the mechanisms underlying this drug resistance should be of general importance in understanding both the treatment and prevention of Salmonella infection in this part of Egypt.

Ecological prevalence, genetic diversity, and multidrug resistance of Salmonella enteritidis recovered from broiler and layer chicken farms

“…According to the findings of the present study, the prevalence of Salmonella contamination in poultry farms located in Sharqia governorate in Egypt is substantially higher than previously thought, which significantly increases the risk of human illness. These findings corresponded with earlier research that found S. enteritidis to be more prevalent ( Ziyate et al, 2016 ; Osman, 2017 ; Shalaby et al, 2022 ) but contrasted with some reports that found S. kentucky to be more prevalent ( Djeffal et al, 2018 ; Abd El-Tawab et al, 2019 ).…”

“…These findings were consistent with other studies that found a lower frequency of Salmonella ranging from 8 to 15.5% ( Osman, 2017 ; Abd El-Tawab et al, 2019 ; Awad et al, 2020 ; Tawfik et al, 2022 ). Other studies, on the other hand, reported a greater prevalence of Salmonella , ranging from 34 to 73% ( Ziyate et al, 2016 ; Fagbamila et al, 2017 ; Djeffal et al, 2018 ; Shalaby et al, 2022 ).…”

One Health Approach: Invasive California Kingsnake (Lampropeltis californiae) as an Important Source of Antimicrobial Drug-Resistant Salmonella Clones on Gran Canaria Island

“…Subsp. salamae has previously been isolated from other animals, such as carnivores [40], wild boars [41], and poultry [42]. However, this subspecies has not frequently been associated with human infections [43][44][45].…”

A South African Perspective on the Microbiological and Chemical Quality of Meat: Plausible Public Health Implications

“…Owing to the lack of numerous preservation barriers, storage facilities, rapid detection assays, and lack of understanding of the growth mechanism of microorganisms, particularly the dearth of knowledge about intricate bacterial foodborne pathogens, the risk of occurrence of foodborne pathogens in South Africa is high [52]. Remarkably, contamination via animal faeces stands as the primary source of contamination and could extend to the carcasses either by direct deposition or indirectly through contaminated equipment, workers, installations, and air/water [10,53]. Operations conducted during cattle slaughtering, including bleeding, evisceration, and dressing, are associated with a great possibility of microbial contaminants as sterile muscles become exposed to microbial pathogens that were present on the skin, digestive tracts (dung), and equipment and in an unhygienic environment as well as due to non-compliance with proper slaughter processes and the lack of personal hygiene [10,54,55].…”