Isolation, Identification, and Inhibition of Saponin Isolates from Pineapple (Ananas comosus L.) and Candlenut (Aleurites moluccanus L.) against Xanthine Oxidase by In Vitro Assay

Abstract

The exploration of gout treatment agent based on the natural product gains high attention in recent years. Although some current drugs effectively treat gout, fewer unbeneficial effects cannot be avoided. Thus, searching for new alternatives with fewer side effects is needed. This present work was aimed at investigating the potency of saponins in pineapple (Ananas comosus L.) and candlenut (Aleurites moluccanus L.) extract as an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, an enzyme that responsible for gout disease, by in vitro study. The stage of this work was divided into six stages, including (1) sample preparation, (2) extraction of saponins using 70% ethanol, (3) isolation of saponins by thin-layer chromatography, (4) phytochemical test of saponins, (5) inhibitory activity testing of saponins using in vitro analysis, and (6) determination the types of saponins by UV-Vis, FT-IR and LC-MS/MS spectroscopy. The result from the preparative TLC of pineapple extract, there were three spots with Rf value of 0.95 (pi1), 0.65 (pi2), and 0.38 (pi3), while from candlenut extract there were two saponin isolates with Rf value of 0.95 (ci1) and 0.79 (ci2). The inhibition activity of each isolate against xanthine oxidase was 103.41% (pi1), 269.73% (pi2), 84.16% (pi3), 222.90% (ci1), and 157.05% (ci2) relative to Allopurinol 100 ppm. Based on spectroscopic analysis results, isolate with the greatest inhibition activity was likely a diosgenin type (C27H42O3) of saponin.

Growth Performance, Feed Utilisation, Endogenous Digestive Enzymes, Intestinal Morphology, and Antimicrobial Effect of Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Fed with Feed Supplemented with Pineapple Waste Crude Extract as a Functional Feed Additive

“…Saponin was found in PWCE because it is contained in pineapples. Saponin is a triterpenoid found in the plant and is nontoxic to crustaceans, such as shrimp and crab, but toxic to fish [ 17 ]. The study of Emmanuel and Deborah [ 53 ] reported that the amount of saponin contained in pineapple was 0.41 ± 0.03%.…”

“…The bromelain crude extract from pineapple waste could act on the complicated protein digestibility from plant protein in shrimp feed. In addition, the aqueous crude extract consisted of saponin, which was extracted by dissolving in ethanol [ 17 ]. Furthermore, both saponin and bromelain promote nutrient absorption, digestive capacity, and growth performance and provide positive effects in the shrimp's immune system and its resistance to pathogens [ 19 ].…”

“…Consequently, the substance is outstanding as an antimicrobial substance that presented the maximum zone of inhibition against all test pathogen saponin was extracted by dissolving it in ethanol [15,17]. Furthermore, the activity of saponin and bromelain in Ananas comosus L. Merr.…”

THE EVALUATION OF PROTEIN DIGESTIBILITY, SAPONIN AND TRYPSIN INHIBITOR CONTENT IN PACIFIC WHITE SHRIMP (Litopenaeus vanamei) FEED, DIGESTED WITH BROMELAIN CRUDE EXTRACT FROM PINEAPPLE WASTE

“…According to Amalia et al (2020), it found saponin was contained in pineapple, which saponin is a triterpenoid found in the plant. Saponin is nontoxic with crustaceans such as shrimp and crab, but it is toxic with fish.…”

“…Saponin was found in pineapple peel extracted by dissolved in ethanol and presented the maximum zone of inhibition against all the test pathogens. This guarantees that pineapple can be used as an antimicrobial agent to protect from selected plant and animal pathogens (Amalia et al, 2020). Furthermore, the active antimicrobial compounds in Ananas comosus L. Merr include saponin and bromelain, which work as antimicrobial through membranolytic properties (Zharfan et al, 2017).…”