Isolation of a toxic factor from jojoba meal

Booth, A. N.; Elliger, Carl A.; Waiss, Anthony C.

doi:10.1016/s0024-3205(74)80008-1

Cited by 58 publications

(63 citation statements)

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“…As expected, crude jojoba meal and simmondsin samples reduced the food intake and body weight [10]. When the experiment was prolonged to 10 days, the animals died, whereas when rats were re-fed after 7 days (arrow R in figure 4) with normal food, the animals regained their starting body weight [9,22]. Interestingly, when jojoba meal, following the process of enzymatic action under the Mean food intake…”

Section: Effect Of Detoxified Jojoba Meal On the Food Intake In Ratssupporting

confidence: 60%

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Enzymatic detoxification of jojoba meal and effect of the resulting meal on food intake in rats

Bouali

Bellirou

Boukhatem

et al. 2008

Natural Product Research

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When defatted jojoba meal is used as animal food, it causes food-intake reduction and growth retardation. Detoxification procedures by chemical, microbiological, and solvent extraction methods are reported by several authors. Here we report a successful detoxification of jojoba meal using enzymes. We establish reaction conditions that yield new meal which has the same nutritional qualities in proteins as the original meal. The enzymatic reaction gives rise to one major compound to which the structure of an amide is assigned on the basis of IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectra. The effect of the resulting jojoba meal on the food intake in rats is checked. In contrast, the detoxified meal containing the amide derivatives shows no toxicological activity since rats receiving oral administration of the obtained meal show normal growth. Thus, it is expected that this meal could be used as an animal feed ingredient.

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Section: Effect Of Detoxified Jojoba Meal On the Food Intake In Ratssupporting

confidence: 60%

“…Unfortunately, this meal contains approximately 15% of group of toxic glycosides [6][7][8]. The simmondsin (1) is identified as the most responsible for food intake inhibition to rodents and chickens [5,9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enzymatic detoxification of jojoba meal and effect of the resulting meal on food intake in rats

Bouali

Bellirou

Boukhatem

et al. 2008

Natural Product Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Practically, the meal is underutilized because it contains 11% anti-nutritional factors (ANF), 5-demethylsimmondsin (DMS), 4,5-didemethylsimmondsin (DDMS), simmondsin (S), and simmondsin 2'-ferulate (SF), that have adverse effects on animals [10,11,4,12]. Compounds other than simmondsin including poly phenolics, phytic acid and trypsin inhibitors, may be contributing to impaired feed intake and body weight gain of animals fed diets contain Jojoba seeds meal [13,14,1516]. Some authors consider simmondsins to be toxic, probably after metabolism by gut microorganisms [13,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Compounds other than simmondsin including poly phenolics, phytic acid and trypsin inhibitors, may be contributing to impaired feed intake and body weight gain of animals fed diets contain Jojoba seeds meal [13,14,1516]. Some authors consider simmondsins to be toxic, probably after metabolism by gut microorganisms [13,6]. In contrast, The USA Food and Drug Administration approved simmondin as safe for human use and animal feed [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Replacing Soybean Meal with Jojoba Meal in Sea Bream (Sparus aurata) Diets on Fish Performance

Saleh¹

2015

AJLS

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Abstract:The study aimed to investigate the effect of replacing soybean meal (SBM) by treated, either by heat (HJM) or by boiling (BJM), Jojoba meal (JM), to eliminate the negative effects of antinutritional factors, at 10, 20 and 30% replacing levels in diets of sea bream (Sparus aurata)) fingerlings on growth performance, nutrient utilization, body biochemical composition, middle intestine morphology and measuring of some hematological parameters of sea bream. Results indicated an enhancement in growth and feed utilization for all fish groups fed boiled followed by heated jojoba meal at 20% inclusion level compared to the control and other tested fish groups. Results of fish biochemical analyses indicate significant increase in crude protein contents in fish fed 10 and 20% HJM and 20% BJM. The present results also showed obvious increment in lipid contents as the level of JM inclusion level increase. Serum total protein, albumin and globulin levels indicated no negative effects when soybean meal was partially replaced by jojoba meal. Also, results indicate pronounced gradual decrease in serum cholesterol levels coincided with an increase in triglyceride. Middle intestine morphology examination showed significant variations in thickness of muscularis layer, villi length and width and also number of goblet cells.

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“…Several early studies suggested that simmondsin is toxic, as rats fed jojoba meal at 5-10% of rations for 94 days decreased food intake to such an extent that the rats became emaciated and died. 1 More recent studies suggested that simmondsin extracted from jojoba could inhibit food intake without direct toxicity. In 1980, Verbiscar et al 2 reported that five mice died when fed simmondsin at 750 mg/kg for 14 days and three surviving mice showed signs of hepatotoxicity and possible intestinal hemorrhage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simmondsin for weight loss in rats

Boozer

Herron

2006

Int J Obes

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Objective: To investigate the safety and efficacy for weight loss of simmondsin, a dietary supplement extracted from the seed of the jojoba plant (Simmondsia chinensis). Animals: Sprague-Dawley male rats were fed various levels of simmondsin for 8 weeks (lean rats) or 16 weeks (high fat-induced obese rats). Measurements: Food intake, body weight and composition, histopathology, hematology parameters. Results: Simmondsin produced a clear dose-response effect on food intake and body weight. No remarkable histopathologic changes were noted in the liver, kidney and spleen. One lean animal, in the 0.5% group, had approximately a 20% depression in red bone marrow cells. Significant effects on hematology parameters were seen almost exclusively in groups consuming simmondsin at the highest level (0.5%) and these effects appeared to be reversed by removing simmondsin from the diet. Conclusion: Simmondsin at both the 0.15% level and the 0.25% level significantly reduced food intake and body weight without apparent negative effects. At dose levels much higher than therapeutic levels, there seemed to be reversible effects on circulating red and white blood cells. Future studies should determine long-term effects of lower doses on blood cell parameters.

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Isolation of a toxic factor from jojoba meal

Cited by 58 publications

References 1 publication

Enzymatic detoxification of jojoba meal and effect of the resulting meal on food intake in rats

Enzymatic detoxification of jojoba meal and effect of the resulting meal on food intake in rats

Effects of Replacing Soybean Meal with Jojoba Meal in Sea Bream (Sparus aurata) Diets on Fish Performance

Simmondsin for weight loss in rats

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