Isolation of Acanthamoeba Genotype T4 from a Non-Contact Lens Wearer from the Philippines

Buerano, Corazon C.; Trinidad, Abigail D.; Fajardo, Lindsay Sydney N.; Irwin, Y; Baclig, Michael O; Natividad, Filipinas F.

doi:10.2149/tmh.2014-15

Cited by 16 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…However, the disease has also been reported in non-contact lens wearers [18,26,27]. This further affirms the possible contamination through direct contact to contaminated water and soil.…”

Section: Epidemiology Of Acanthamoeba In Aseanssupporting

confidence: 70%

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Acanthamoeba in Southeast Asia – Overview and Challenges

et al. 2019

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Acanthamoeba, one of free-living amoebae (FLA), remains a high risk of direct contact with this protozoan parasite which is ubiquitous in nature and man-made environment. This pathogenic FLA can cause sight-threatening amoebic keratitis (AK) and fatal granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE) though these cases may not commonly be reported in our clinical settings. Acanthamoeba has been detected from different environmental sources namely; soil, water, hot-spring, swimming pool, air-conditioner, or contact lens storage cases. The identification of Acanthamoeba is based on morphological appearance and molecular techniques using PCR and DNA sequencing for clinico-epidemiological purposes. Recent treatments have long been ineffective against Acanthamoeba cyst, novel anti-Acanthamoeba agents have therefore been extensively investigated. There are efforts to utilize synthetic chemicals, lead compounds from medicinal plant extracts, and animal products to combat Acanthamoeba infection. Applied nanotechnology, an advanced technology, has shown to enhance the anti-Acanthamoeba activity in the encapsulated nanoparticles leading to new therapeutic options. This review attempts to provide an overview of the available data and studies on the occurrence of pathogenic Acanthamoeba among the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) members with the aim of identifying some potential contributing factors such as distribution, demographic profile of the patients, possible source of the parasite, mode of transmission and treatment. Further, this review attempts to provide future direction for prevention and control of the Acanthamoeba infection.

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“…However, the disease has also been reported in non-contact lens wearers [18,26,27]. This further affirms the possible contamination through direct contact to contaminated water and soil.…”

Section: Epidemiology Of Acanthamoeba In Aseanssupporting

confidence: 70%

“…[24]. Acanthamoeba-infected individuals can also be a source of the isolates of organism through sinuses, brain and corneal and skin specimens [22,[25][26][27] and even in necrotic tissues [18].…”

Section: Epidemiology Of Acanthamoeba In Aseansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acanthamoeba in Southeast Asia – Overview and Challenges

et al. 2019

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“…In addition, it is important to Sharma et al 2004;Zhang et al 2004;Spanakos et al 2006;Ertabaklar et al 2007;Ozkoc et al 2008;Booton et al 2009;Iovieno et al 2010;Nagyová et al 2010b;Niyyati et al 2010;Nuprasert et al 2010;Lorenzo-Morales el al. 2011;Arnalich-Montiel et al 2013b;Duarte et al 2013;Buerano et al 2014;Ghamilouie et al 2014a, b a;Ghamilouie et al 2014a, b b;Behera et al 2016;Padzik et al 2016;Tawfeek et al 2016;Alves et al 2018;Buchele et al 2018;Fabres et al 2018;Taher et al 2018;Bahreini et al 2019 note that in the cases described in this systematic review, the genotypes T1, T6, T14, T16, T17, T18, T19, T20, T21, and T22 were not found causing AK.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 72%

Genotype distribution of Acanthamoeba in keratitis: a systematic review

2021

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Acanthamoeba spp. are among the most worldwide prevalent protozoa. It is the causative agent of a disease known as Acanthamoeba keratitis, a painful and severe sight-threatening corneal infection that can lead to blindness. In recent years, the prevalence of Acanthamoeba keratitis has rapidly increased, growing its importance to human health. This systematic review aims to assess the distribution of Acanthamoeba sp. genotypes causing keratitis around the world, considering the sample collected type and the used identification method. Most of the cases were found in Asia and Europe. Not surprisingly, the T4 genotype was the most prevalent worldwide, followed by T3, T15, T11, and T5. Furthermore, the T4 genotype contains a higher number of species. Given the differences in pathology, susceptibility to treatment, and clinical outcome between distinct genotypes, it is essential to genotype isolates from Acanthamoeba keratitis cases to help to establish a better correlation between in vitro and in vivo activities, resulting in better drug therapies and successful treatment in cases of this important ocular infection.

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“…The occurrence of FLA in treated water cannot be neglected due to the increasing reports of keratitis in Malaysia [ 56 ], Indonesia [ 57 ], and the Philippines [ 58 ]. Keratitis had always been associated with the infection caused by Acanthamoeba , but Hartmannella (= Vermamoeba ) too, is able to cause similar symptoms of watery eyes, redness and blurred vision [ 59 , 60 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogenic waterborne free-living amoebae: An update from selected Southeast Asian countries

et al. 2017

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Data on the distribution of free-living amoebae is still lacking especially in Southeast Asian region. The aquatic environment revealed a high occurrence of free-living amoebae (FLA) due to its suitable condition and availability of food source, which subsequently causes infection to humans. A total of 94 water samples consisted of both treated and untreated from Laos (31), Myanmar (42), and Singapore (21) were investigated for the presence of pathogenic FLA. Each water sample was filtered and cultured onto non-nutrient agar seeded with live suspension of Escherichia coli and incubated at room temperature. Morphological identification was conducted for both trophozoites and cysts via microscopic stains (Giemsa and immunofluorescence). The presence of Naegleria-like structures was the most frequently encountered in both treated and untreated water samples, followed by Acanthamoeba-like and Vermamoeba-like features. To identify the pathogenic isolates, species-specific primer sets were applied for molecular identification of Acanthamoeba, Naegleria, and Vermamoeba. The pathogenic species of Acanthamoeba lenticulata and A. triangularis were detected from untreated water samples, while Vermamoeba vermiformis was found in both treated and untreated water samples. Our results suggested that poor water quality as well as inadequate maintenance and treatment might be the cause of this alarming problem since chlorine disinfection is ineffective in eradicating these amoebas in treated water samples. Regular monitoring and examination of water qualities are necessary in order to control the growth, hence, further preventing the widespread of FLA infections among the public.

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Isolation of Acanthamoeba Genotype T4 from a Non-Contact Lens Wearer from the Philippines

Cited by 16 publications

References 8 publications

Acanthamoeba in Southeast Asia – Overview and Challenges

Acanthamoeba in Southeast Asia – Overview and Challenges

Genotype distribution of Acanthamoeba in keratitis: a systematic review

Pathogenic waterborne free-living amoebae: An update from selected Southeast Asian countries

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