Isolation Of Bacillus Coli Communis From The Alimentary Tract Of Fish And The Significance Thereof

Johnson, George A.

doi:10.1093/infdis/1.2.348

Cited by 17 publications

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“…(3) Gibbons (13) studied on fish caught from the marine environment and concluded that coliform bacteria are not usually associated with the normal intestinal flora of fish. However, organisms of the coliform and streptrococcal groups have been isolated from various species of freshwater fish caught in relatively clean to moderately polluted waters in India (14) , Norway (15) , Canada (16) , United States (17) etc. Margolis (16) reported that the bacterial flora of freshwater fish depends solely upon the fish's recent intake of food and the degree of contamination in the food and water.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial load in twelve freshwater fishes of four feeding habits in Bangladesh

Rahman

Hasan

Mahmud

et al. 1970

Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci

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Homogenized samples of skin, gill and gut of twelve freshwater fishes of four feeding habits were used for bacteriological test. Total bacterial count (TBC), total coliform (TC), faecal coliform (FC), faecal streptococci (FS) and total Vibrio?like colonies were enumerated using serial dilution and spread plate techniques. Variation of bacterial loads among the fishes of various feeding habits was insignificant. The TBC, TC, FC, FS and total Vibrio counts ranged from 1.72 ± 0.68 × 108 to 7.00 ± 3.39 × 108, 2.49 ± 1.72 × 106 to 6.55 ± 3.00 × 106, 1.58 ± 1.29 × 106 to 2.76 ± 1.42 × 106, 4.83 ± 2.09 × 104 to 1.19 ± 0.46 × 105 and 2.06 ± 0.67 × 103 to 3.68 ± 2.02 × 105, respectively among various feeding groups. However, gill and gut had significantly higher density of TBC, TC and FC than that of the skin. High counts of indicator organisms indicate that market fishes of all varieties could be the potential reservoirs in transmission of pathogenic bacteria responsible for diarrhoeal disease. Key words: Bacterial load; Freshwater fishes; Feeding habit DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v19i2.8956 DUJBS 2010; 19(2): 145-150

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial load in twelve freshwater fishes of four feeding habits in Bangladesh

Rahman

Hasan

Mahmud

et al. 1970

Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci

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“…Organisms of the coliform and streptococcal groups have been isolated from the intestinal tract of various species of freshwater fish caught in relatively clean to moderately polluted waters in India (18), Norway (17), Canada (2,3,14), and the United States (12). Margolis (14) also reported that the bacterial flora of freshwater fish depends solely upon the fish's recent intake of food and the degree of contamination in the food and water.…”

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Bacterial Pollution Indicators in the Intestinal Tract of Freshwater Fish

Geldreich¹,

Clarke²

1966

Applied Microbiology

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GELDREICH, EDWiN E. (Division of Water Supply and Pollution Control, Cincinnati, Ohio), AND NORMAN A. CLARKE. Bacterial pollution indicators in the intestinal tract of freshwater fish. Appl. Microbiol. 14:429-437. 1966.-A study was made of the occurrence, distribution, and persistence of coliforms, fecal coliforms, and fecal streptococci in the intestinal tract of freshwater fish. A total of 132 fish representing 14 different species were used in various phases of these experiments. Examination of the intestinal contents of 78 fish from moderately polluted sections of the Little Miami River indicated that fecal coliform densities were lowest in bluegills (less than 20 per gram) and highest in catfish (1,090,000 per gram). Levels of fecal streptococci for these two species were 220 and 240,000 per gram, respectively. The occurrence of fecal coliforms in fish caught in this stream reflected the warm-blooded-animalpollution level of the water. All fish used in this phase of the study were caught during July, August, and September when the water temperatures were between 13 and 18 C. The fate of fecal coliforms and Streptococcus faecalis in the fish intestine indicated that these organisms can probably survive and multiply when fish and water temperatures are 20 C or higher, but only when the organisms are retained in the gut for periods beyond 24 hr. Based on the biochemical reactions for 3,877 coliform strains isolated from 132 freshwater fish of 14 different species, 91.4% of all strains were composed of five IMViC types. In a similar study of the biochemical reactions of 850 streptococci isolated from the intestinal tract of 55 freshwater fish, the predominant strains included S. faecalis and various closely associated biotypes. No consistently recurring pattern for either coliforms or streptococci could be developed to identify species of fish investigated. The composition of the intestinal flora is, however, related in varying degree to the level of contamination of water and food in the environment.

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“…The gastric juice of mammals is further known to have bactericidal action, .destroying Bacillus coli and streptococci (Best and Taylor, I 940), and this may be supposed to apply also to the lower vertebrates. Johnson (1904) found B. coli in forty-seven out of sixty-seven fish examined by him, and stated that it occurred in the stomachs of twenty-four and in the intestine of forty-one; however, three species of the fish studied by him were cyprinoids, which would probably not have possessed a true stomach at all (see below, SVIII), and if his figures are revised accordingly it appears that B. coli occurred in the intestine of forty-one fish but in the stomach of only nine. This gives some indication of antiseptic properties which would probably be of advantage in poikilotherms where the food may remain for several days in the stomach.…”

Section: Evolutionary Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gastric Digestion in the Lower Vertebrates

Barrington

1942

Biological Reviews

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Summary True gastric digestion, involving the action of pepsin, appears to be found in animals only in the Chordata, and in this group, at the present day, only from the Pisces upwards. It is suggested that its appearance may be correlated with the change from microphagy to macrophagy which occurred in the early history of the phylum. Information relating to gastric digestion in the lower vertebrates is still too limited for any extensive generalizations to be possible, but many differences between conditions in these forms and in the mammals are evident. Certain facts illustrating the more primitive organization of the gastric mucosa in fish (and to a lesser extent in Amphibia) are briefly summarized. There seems to be a general resemblance between the pepsin of mammals and that of the lower vertebrates, with perhaps some minor adaptation to medium. There is some positive evidence for the existence of enzymes additional to pepsin in the stomach of fish, but the source of these has not been made clear. An acid fluid has been obtained from the stomach of fish and Amphibia by siphon or fistula. The secretion of acid may be continuous throughout life in selachians, but increases after feeding; in rays an alternation of acidity and alkalinity has been reported. The stomach of teleosts seems to be less acid than that of selachians and Amphibia, but the pH at the surface of ingested prey may be more suitable for the action of pepsin than is that of the general contents. Digestion proceeds much more slowly in poikilotherms than in mammals, and the food commonly remains in the stomach for one or more days. The few observations at present available suggest that gastric secretion in selachians, unlike that of mammals, may be controlled entirely by humoral means, but the evidence is incomplete and not altogether consistent. There is no evidence for a ‘psychic phase’ in selachians or Amphibia, but there are indications that in the latter group the sympathetic nervous system may be an important factor in the control of secretion. Histamine, is reported to stimulate the secretion of acid and pepsinogen in frogs. Extensive studies of the nervous control of gastric movements in fish and Amphibia have led to results which are often conflicting and difficult to reconcile with those established for mammals. Some possible explanations for this are discussed, and in particular it is emphasized that a clear‐cut reciprocity between sympathetic and parasympathetic systems may be lacking in the lower vertebrates. There is evidence for the absórption of fat in the stomach of fish, and it is pointed out that certain characteristics of gastric digestion in poikilotherms would appear to make that organ more adapted for absorption than it is in mammals. It is concluded that the absence of a stomach from the Holocephali, the Dipnoi and certain Teleostei is likely to be a secondary rather than a primitive condition. I am indebted to Profs. B. P. Babkin and A. B. Dawson for kindly reading the typescript of this article, which was prepared during...

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Isolation Of Bacillus Coli Communis From The Alimentary Tract Of Fish And The Significance Thereof

Cited by 17 publications

References 0 publications

Bacterial load in twelve freshwater fishes of four feeding habits in Bangladesh

Bacterial load in twelve freshwater fishes of four feeding habits in Bangladesh

Bacterial Pollution Indicators in the Intestinal Tract of Freshwater Fish

Gastric Digestion in the Lower Vertebrates

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