Isolation of<i>Onchocerca lupi</i>in Dogs and Black Flies, California, USA

Hassan, Hassan K.; Bolcen, Shanna; Kubofcik, Joseph; Nutman, Thomas B.; Eberhard, Mark L.; Middleton, Kelly; Wekesa, J. W.; Ruedas, Gimena; Nelson, Kimberly; Dubielzig, Richard R.; Lombaert, Melissa De; Silverman, Bruce; Schorling, Jamie J.; Adler, Peter H.; Unnasch, Thomas R.; Beeler, Emily

doi:10.3201/eid2105.142011

Cited by 55 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…are typically parasites of ungulates, with the notable exception of O. volvulus , which parasitizes humans. Most cases of canine onchocercosis diagnosed in the United States have been found in dogs from the southwestern United States or California …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Infective larvae are transmitted when the insect vector again feeds upon the host and the larvae mature into adult worms, mate, and release microfilariae within the definitive host. The black fly, Simulium tribulatum , was recently identified as a putative insect vector of O. lupi in California (USA) . Ongoing work also suggests black flies as the putative vector in Albuquerque, New Mexico.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Canine ocular onchocerciasis: a retrospective review of the diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of 16 cases in New Mexico (2011–2015)

McLean

Newkirk

Adema

2016

Veterinary Ophthalmology

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Objective To describe the clinical exam findings, treatment and outcomes of 16 dogs diagnosed with ocular onchocerciasis in New Mexico. Materials and Methods Records of dogs diagnosed by the primary author were reviewed (2011–2015). Records that were accessible and included a diagnosis of Onchocerca lupi by histopathologic or molecular identification of the nematode were included. Results Sixteen cases were included. 3/16 dogs were treated with year‐round heartworm prophylaxis prior to infection. Clinical exam findings included conjunctival hyperemia and/or episcleral injection (16/16), focal subconjunctival mass(es) (14/16), retinal detachment (7/16), corneal edema (4/16), chemosis (3/16), corneal opacity (2/16), exophthalmia (1/16), glaucoma (1/16), strabismus (1/16), blepharospasm (1/16), and vitreal degeneration (1/16). Ocular involvement was unilateral in 7/16 dogs and bilateral in 9/16 dogs. The diagnosis was confirmed via histologic identification of the nematodes and/or PCR. Treatment consisted of medical management or a combination medical and surgical management. Known or suspected recurrence of disease was documented in 10 dogs. Conclusions Canine ocular onchocerciasis is endemic in New Mexico. Histopathology and molecular identification are useful diagnostic tools. Medical management alone was successful in many cases.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Canine ocular onchocerciasis: a retrospective review of the diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of 16 cases in New Mexico (2011–2015)

McLean

Newkirk

Adema

2016

Veterinary Ophthalmology

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“…In Africa, the vectors of O. volvulus are primarily members of the Simulium damnosum Theobold species complex, whereas in Latin America, a number of Simulium species serve as vectors of O. volvulus (World Health Organization, 1995). More recently, it has been reported that sequences identical to Onchocerca lupi Rodonaja, 1967 have been detected in Similium tribulatum Lugger collected in southern California, implicating S. tribulatum as a potential vector for O. lupi in this region (Hassan et al ., ). Simulium tribulatum is a member of the S. vittatum species complex (Adler et al ., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Identification of semiochemicals attractive toSimulium vittatum(IS‐7)

Verocai

McGaha

Iburg

et al. 2016

Medical Vet Entomology

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Many blackfly species (Diptera: Simuliidae) are economically important insect pests, both as nuisance biters and as vectors of pathogens of medical and veterinary relevance. Among the important blackfly pest species in North America is Simulium vittatum Zetterstedt sensu lato. The objective of this study was to identify compounds excreted by mammalian hosts that are attractive to host-seeking S. vittatum females. The attractiveness of putative compounds to colonized S. vittatum was tested through electrophysiological (electroantennography; n = 58 compounds) and behavioural (Y-tube assays; n = 7 compounds in three concentrations) bioassays. Five compounds were significantly attractive to host-seeking S. vittatum females: 1-octen-3-ol; 2-heptanone; acetophenone; 1-octanol, and naphthalene. These candidate compounds might be useful as attractants in traps that could be developed for use in alternative or complementary management tactics in programmes to suppress nuisance blackfly populations, or for the collection of samples in which to study the transmission ecology of pathogens transmitted by blackflies of the S. vittatum complex.

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“…act as vectors for other Onchocerca species, their role as vectors for O. lupi remains unknown. Nevertheless, O. lupi DNA has recently been detected in the black fly Simulium tribulatum in the USA [14]. Clinical manifestations of canine ocular onchocercosis range from no apparent clinical signs to blindness [1,10].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%