Isolation of pectenotoxin-2 from Dinophysis acuta and its conversion to pectenotoxin-2 seco acid, and preliminary assessment of their acute toxicities

Miles, Christopher O.; Wilkins, Alistair L.; Munday, Rex; Dines, M.; Hawkes, Allan D.; Briggs, Lyn; Sandvik, Morten; Jensen, Dwayne J.; Cooney, Janine M.; Holland, Patrick T.; Quilliam, Michael A.; MacKenzie, A. Lincoln; Beuzenberg, Veronica; Towers, N. R.

doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2003.10.003

Cited by 198 publications

(189 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The DTX-2 is present in low concentrations in both forms (DTX-2, acyl-DTX-2) in clams harvested in South Brittany and in mussels from Arcachon The presence of PTX-2 and its derivatives were detected for the first time in France in 2004 in shellfish on the Mediterranean coast (Thau lagoon), and in 2005 in shellfish on the Atlantic coast (Arcachon) and South Brittany. Once accumulated in the shellfish flesh, smaller or larger proportions of the PTX-2 were subject to an enzymatic hydrolysis, manifesting in its transformation into PTX-2-seco acid (PTX-2-sa and 7-epi-PTX-2-sa) [30]. For all the French samples analysed, the proportion of PTX-2 in the PTX-2-sa form varies by between 55 and 95%, corroborating the research undertaken by Suzuki [31].…”

Section: Oasupporting

confidence: 78%

Report on the First Detection of Pectenotoxin-2, Spirolide-A and Their Derivatives in French Shellfish

Amzil

2007

Mar. Drugs

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Abstract:In the context of the French Phytoplankton and Phycotoxins Monitoring Network (REPHY) programme, shellfish samples were harvested from different locations where harmful algae blooms were known to have occurred. For all shellfish samples found positive by the mouse bioassay for diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins, liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) was used to search for the following lipophilic toxins: okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxins (DTXs), pectenotoxins (PTXs), azaspiracids (AZAs), yessotoxins (YTXs), spirolides (SPXs) and gymnodimines (GYMs). In order to investigate the presence of acyl-OAs and/or acyl-DTX-1,-2 (DTX-3), alkaline hydrolysis was performed on all samples, and LC/MS analyses were carried out on the samples before and after hydrolysis. The results revealed different lipophilic toxin profiles as a function of the shellfish sampling location. The primary finding was that all of the samples contained OA and acyl-OA. In addition, other lipophilic toxins were found in shellfish samples: DTX-2, acyl-DTX-2 and SPXs (SPX-A, SPX-desMeC) on the Atlantic coast (Southern Brittany, Arcachon), and pectenotoxins (PTX-2, PTX-2-seco-acid and 7-epi-PTX-2-seco-acid) on the Mediterranean coast (Thau lagoon, the island of Corsica). This paper reports on the first detection of PTX-2, SPX-A and their derivatives in French shellfish. Mar. Drugs 2007, 5 169

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Section: Oasupporting

confidence: 78%

Report on the First Detection of Pectenotoxin-2, Spirolide-A and Their Derivatives in French Shellfish

Amzil

2007

Mar. Drugs

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“…In addition to direct changes to toxin concentrations, it has been shown that toxin profiles can be altered in mussel tissues as a result of enzymatic activity e.g. the transformation of PTX2 to PTX2-seco acid as a result of enzyme activity (Suzuki et al, 2001, Miles et al, 2004. For these reasons, it is important that all the information available is used to improve methodology applied in regulatory monitoring designed to ensure consumer safety.…”

Section: Options For Official Food Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reductions in the extractable levels of YTX from Greenshell™ mussels (Perna canaliculus) have been reported after steaming (Holland et al, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of cooking and heat treatment on concentration and tissue distribution of okadaic acid and dinophysistoxin-2 in mussels (Mytilus edulis)

McCarron

Kilcoyne

Heß

2008

Toxicon

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Vous avez des questions? Nous pouvons vous aider. Pour communiquer directement avec un auteur, consultez la première page de la revue dans laquelle son article a été publié afin de trouver ses coordonnées. Si vous n'arrivez pas à les repérer, communiquez avec nous à PublicationsArchive-ArchivesPublications@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca. Questions? Contact the NRC Publications Archive team atPublicationsArchive-ArchivesPublications@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca. If you wish to email the authors directly, please see the first page of the publication for their contact information. NRC Publications Archive Archives des publications du CNRCThis publication could be one of several versions: author's original, accepted manuscript or the publisher's version. / La version de cette publication peut être l'une des suivantes : la version prépublication de l'auteur, la version acceptée du manuscrit ou la version de l'éditeur. NRC Publications Record / Notice d'Archives des publications de CNRC:http://nparc.cisti-icist.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/view/object/?id=7d137211-69bf-4607-85ea-0a4f495a5662 http://nparc.cisti-icist.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/fra/voir/objet/?id=7d137211-69bf-4607-85ea-0a4f495a5662Effects of cooking and heat treatment on concentration and tissue distribution of azaspiracids, okadaic acid and dinophysistoxin-2 in mussels (Mytilus edulis) AbstractUsing high performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry the influence of conventional steaming and other heat treatments on the level of azaspiracids, okadaic acid and dinophysistoxin-2 in mussels (Mytilus edulis) was investigated. A prior study looking at the influence of steaming on the concentration and distribution of azaspiracids showed significant increases in concentration as a result. Described is a follow-up study using two separate mussel samples, where the contribution of water loss during steaming to increases of toxin levels was examined.In addition to water loss it was demonstrated that heating of fresh azaspiracid contaminated mussels resulted in significant increases in the quantity of the desmethyl analogue (azaspiracid-3) measured. A systematic heat treatment experiment confirmed these findings and showed that azaspiracid-3 was the most thermally instable of the three regulated azaspiracid analogues.In parallel, the same studies were carried out for okadaic acid and dinophysistoxin-2 also naturally present in the samples used. Concentration increases correlated with water loss during steaming. More so than for azaspiracids, increased distribution of okadaic acid and dinophysistoxin-2 from the digestive glands to the remainder tissues was observed as a result of the processes examined. This suggests that analysis of whole flesh tissues, as opposed to dissected digestive glands, is more appropriate for regulatory purposes, particularly if cooked samples are being analysed. The findings of the studies reported here have importance in terms of the methodology applied in regulatory phycotoxin monitoring programmes. Therefore, options for sample pre-treatment are discussed.

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“…The toxicity of PTXs has, however, been questioned within the last decade since they do not appear to be toxic when ingested orally (Miles et al 2004a). Yet, PTX is still subject to a regulatory threshold of 160 µg kg −1 mussel meat and thus retains the potential to put mussel harvesting on hold (European Council 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of light and food availability on toxin production, growth and photosynthesis in Dinophysis acuminata

Nielsen¹,

Krock²,

Hansen³

2012

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins constitute a severe health risk to shellfish consumers and a serious economic risk to the shellfish industry. The most prominent producers of DSP toxins are the mixotrophic dinoflagellates Dinophysis spp., which rely on chloroplasts from their prey, the ciliate Mesodinium rubrum; i.e. they are kleptoplastidic. Studies based on field collected material have indicated that cellular toxin contents in Dinophysis spp. vary intraspecifically by several orders of magnitude, but the regulating factors of cellular toxin contents are still poorly understood. We isolated 7 strains of D. acuminata, all of which produced pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2) in the range of 12.7 to 35.6 pg cell −1 when supplied with abundant nutrients, light and food. One strain was selected for detailed studies on the effects of irradiance and food availability on photoacclimation, photosynthesis, growth and toxin production. Photoacclimation was detected for the first time in this genus, indicating some genetic control of sequestered chloroplasts. Growth and photosynthesis increased 4-fold with irradiances from 7 to 130 µmol photons m −2 s −1 after a minimum of 2 wk under ample food conditions. Despite this, cellular PTX-2 content increased only slightly from (mean ± SE) 4.6 ± 0.3 to 7.8 ± 1.1 pg PTX-2 cell −1 . Toxin production continued for up to 30 d after food was depleted, leading to a build-up of toxin in D. acuminata cells to 24.7 ± 1.7 pg PTX-2 cell −1. Thus, we demonstrate that PTX-2 content is not directly coupled to irradiance and that PTX-2 production is not directly associated with ingestion of ciliate prey. Intraspecific variations in toxicity are instead most likely governed primarily by growth phase and genetic differences between different populations of Dinophysis spp.

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Isolation of pectenotoxin-2 from Dinophysis acuta and its conversion to pectenotoxin-2 seco acid, and preliminary assessment of their acute toxicities

Cited by 198 publications

References 17 publications

Report on the First Detection of Pectenotoxin-2, Spirolide-A and Their Derivatives in French Shellfish

Report on the First Detection of Pectenotoxin-2, Spirolide-A and Their Derivatives in French Shellfish

Effects of cooking and heat treatment on concentration and tissue distribution of okadaic acid and dinophysistoxin-2 in mussels (Mytilus edulis)

Effects of light and food availability on toxin production, growth and photosynthesis in Dinophysis acuminata

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