Isolation of Penicillium citrinum from Roots of Clerodendron cyrtophyllum and Application in Biosynthesis of Aglycone Isoflavones from Soybean Waste Fermentation

Abstract

<jats:p>Soybeans offer an abundant source of isoflavones, which confer useful bioactivities when existing in aglycone forms. The conversion of isoflavones into aglycones via fermentation of soybean products is often realized by β-glucosidase, an enzyme produced by fungi. In this study, a filamentous fungus, Clerodendron cyrtophyllum, was isolated from root of Clerodendron cyrtophyllum Turcz, which was able to produce the highest activity of β-glucosidase up to 33.72 U/mL at 144 h during fermentation on Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB). The obtained fungus was grown on isoflavones-rich soybean extract to produce genistein and daidzein, achieving the conversion rate of 98.7%. Genistein and daidzein were isolated and purified by column chromatography using hexane/acetone (29:1/1:1), reaching purities of over 90% of total isoflavones, as identified and determined by TLC, LC-MS/MS, and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. These results imply that the isolated P. citrinum is a potential fungal strain for industrial-scale production of genistein and daidzein from isoflavones-containing soybean extracts. These products may serve as potential raw materials for manufacture of functional foods that are based on aglycones.</jats:p>

Soybean fermentation with basidiomycetes (medicinal mushroom mycelia)

“…Approximately 80% of daidzin was hydrolysed to daidzein, and approximately 90% of genistin was hydrolysed to genistein. Beta-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) catalyses the hydrolysis of the O-glycosyl linkage of terminal nonreducing β-d-glucosyl residues [38]. Several bacterial species like Aspergillus niger [39], Aspergillus oryzae [40], Penicillium brasilianum [41], and Phanerochaete chrysosporium [42] are utilised to ferment products using beta-glucosidase catalysis.…”

Medicinal Mushroom Mycelia: Characteristics, Benefits, and Utility in Soybean Fermentation

“…The beta-glucosidase enzyme (EC 3.2.1.21) produced by microbes facilitates the breakdown of glycosylated isoflavones to their aglycon form, which is more easily absorbable [85]. Several microbes, including Aspergillus niger [86], A. oryzae [87],…”

Exploration and Antifungal Assay of Endophytic Fungi as Biocontrol of Onion Purple Blotch Disease Caused by Alternaria porri (Ell) Cif In Vitro

“…Based on the BLAST results, Y isolates had a 99% homology as Penicillium citrinum. DNA amplification in the ITS region obtained the length of P. citrinum fragment around 540 bp (Doan et al, 2019). The BLAST results with a homology value of ≥99% indicate the sequence is the same species, while the homology value of ≥99% indicates species that have similarities in the genus (Raja, Miller, Pearce, & Oberlies, 2017).…”