Isolation of Polyphenols from Two Waste Streams of Clingstone Peach Canneries Utilizing the Cloud Point Extraction Method

Abstract

This study aimed to assess the feasibility of employing cloud point extraction (CPE) as an efficient way of extracting polyphenols from peach waste (PW). Four distinct food-grade surfactants (Genapol X-080, PEG 8000, Tween 80, and lecithin) were evaluated at concentrations ranging from 2–10% w/v to determine the efficiency of the technique in two separate PW streams [i.e., lye peeling waste stream (LPWS) and total wastewater stream (TWS)]. Low amounts (2% w/v) of surfactants in a single-step CPE were found to result in less than ~61% polyphenol recovery in LPWS and less than ~69% polyphenol recovery in the TWS, necessitating additional extraction steps. In both PW streams, the single-step polyphenol recovery was improved by 25–67% utilizing a higher amount of surfactants (5–10% w/w), leading to a statistically significant figure (p < 0.05). The CPE procedure was conducted under optimal conditions, including a temperature of 65 °C, a sodium chloride concentration of 3% w/v, a pH level of 3.5, and a surfactant concentration of 5% w/v. The polyphenol recovery was efficient when the CPE procedure was conducted twice. Tween 80 proved to be the most efficient surfactant among the four tested surfactants, achieving recoveries above 98% in both PW streams. Under optimum extraction conditions, the total polyphenol content and antiradical activity of PW extracts were evaluated. The results showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) between the two PW streams, with the LPWS having approximately 12 times higher polyphenol content and being more potent, achieving ~64% antiradical activity. Using the LPWS instead of the TWS is a more cost-effective and feasible option for the industry. In addition, the considerable volume of the TWS makes it challenging to handle and demands a correspondingly major amount of surfactant. Considering that Tween 80 is a low-toxicity surfactant and that the CPE method is simple, fast, cost-effective, highly accurate, and selective, the extracted polyphenols from two PW streams could be exploited as natural antioxidants to be used directly in the food industry. These findings could have major implications for the manufacturing of sustainable and naturally-derived food additives.

Exploring the Antioxidant Properties of Citrus limon (Lemon) Peel Ultrasound Extract after the Cloud Point Extraction Method

“…These results suggest that most of the antioxidants in the initial extract were encapsulated within the micelles of the surfactant and thus no statistically significant decrease in the antioxidant capacity of SP was observed. Comparable results were observed in our previous work [37], where CPE was applied to two different cultivars of clingstone cannery peaches, and small differences in the antioxidant capacity of peaches before and after CPE were noted. The ascorbic acid content of the extracts was also determined, and it was found to be ~10% higher in the initial extract.…”

“…Micelles are created in water-based solutions in which the molecular concentration approaches a specific threshold. Once formed, micelles maintain a state of equilibrium with the individual molecules present in the surrounding aqueous solution [37]. The association of hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules with these structures is enhanced by dipole-dipole interactions and hydrogen bonds, leading to their separation [38].…”

“…This type of extraction has the capacity to be employed in diverse industries, including the pharmaceuticals and food industries. Utilizing surfactants, the CPE method is a straightforward and cost-effective way to extract bioactive compounds from liquid matrices [32,37]. Although there is an increasing amount of research focused on extracting bioactive components from other kinds of food waste through CPE [39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46], there is a lack of studies specifically dedicated to extracting polyphenols from lemon peels.…”

Updating the Status quo on the Eco-Friendly Approach for Antioxidants Recovered from Plant Matrices Using Cloud Point Extraction

“…Meanwhile, the same surfactant, Triton X-114, is used for the extraction of iron from different green vegetables and offered a moderate approach but lacked detailed information on several parameters, hindering a full evaluation [ 65 ]. On the other hand, clingstone peach cannery waste as a potential source of polyphenols was used for the targeted extraction procedure using high values of Tween 80 concentration, temperature as well as long centrifugation time [ 45 ], indicating the robustness of the used methodology and extraction procedure for stable compounds. Lastly, Sun et al [ 73 ] also targeted polyphenols but used pomegranate peel as a plant source and employed Triton X-110 at high concentrations and temperature, which indicated a possibly optimized method for higher yield or the extraction of specific polyphenols.…”

“…Overview of CPE for recovering antioxidants from plant sources[16,[34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49].…”