Despite successes in controlling some previously thought incurable diseases, recent increase in epidemic viral infections such as AIDS, hepatitis, Ebola, SARS have been reported in developing countries (Asia, Africa). [9] Therefore, the intention to search for new resources of bioactive metabolites still gains worldwide attention, as 11 Pimaricin (12) belongs to the group of polyene macrolide with 26-membered ring possessing antifungal activity. [28] The pimaricin analogue JBIR-13 (13) isolated from Streptomyces bicolor NBRC 12746 has been reported to show antifungal activity against Candida albicans with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 3.13 g/mL. [29] 17 Ionophore antibiotics are another type of antibiotics of bacterial origin, which can act as mobile ion carriers in complex form within cell membranes. [34] Nonactin (18) is an example with antitumor activity: it was firstly isolated and reported from Streptomyces griseus; in addition to (-)-nonactic acid (19), the monomer of nonactin (18). [35,36] 23 Six new chromophenazines A (24), B (26), C (25), D ( 27), E (28) and F (29) were isolated recently in our group from the terrestrial Streptomyces sp. Ank 315.Phenazine derivatives have been reported to exhibit broad-range activities such as antioxidant, neuroprotectant, antimicrobial, antiviral, antiparacitic, antitumor and antimalaria. Among the six chromophenazines, only chromophenazine D ( 27)
36Val-geninthiocin (37) is another thiopeptide antibiotic, which was recently isolated in our group from the terrestrial Streptomyces sp. RSF18. [49] This type of antibiotics is also strongly active as antimalarial agent against Plasmodium falciparum. [50] 2010. [65] Enniatin B (49) and bassianolide ( 50) are examples of fungi-originated cyclodepsipeptides. Enniatins act as ionophores in biological membranes, inhibitors of the ABC-transporter Pdr5p and topical agent for the treatment of respiratory infec-O 68 Recently, four new 10-membered lactones A (69), B (70), C (71) and D (72)have been reported from marine-derived endophytic fungus Curvularia sp. The fungus was isolated from the marine red alga Acanthophora spicifera. [76]