Isoleucine, leucine, and valine requirement of juvenile Indian major carp, Cirrhinus cirrhosus (Bloch, 1795)

Abstract

Benakappa S., Varghese T.J., 2003. Isoleucine, leucine, and valine requirement of juvenile Indian major carp, Cirrhinus cirrhosus (Bloch, 1795). Acta Ichthyol. Piscat. 33 (2): 161-172.Background. Mrigal, Cirrhinus cirrhosus (Bloch, 1795)(junior synonym C. mrigala), is one of the most widely cultured Indian major carps. The main aim of this study was to quantify the dietary isoleucine, leucine, and valine requirements of mrigal juveniles. Material and methods. Growth studies were conducted with juvenile mrigal to determine the minimal requirements for the branched-chain amino acids: isoleucine, leucine, and valine. The experimental diets were formulated from purified ingredients to contain 40% crude protein. Casein and gelatin served as protein sources and were supplemented with crystalline L -amino acids to provide an amino acid pattern found in mrigal muscle protein. The amino acids for which the requirements were being determined was were supplemented at varying levels. Dietary inclusion levels for isoleucine ranged from 0.88 to 1.45%, for leucine from 1.36 to 2.05%, and for valine from 1.23 to 1.75%. Results. The optimum dietary requirements for isoleucine, leucine, and valine for mrigal, estimated using break point analysis were 1.25%, 1.73%, and 1.55% of dry diet, respectively. These values correspond to 3.12% isoleucine, 4.33% leucine, and 3.87% valine when expressed as a percentage of dietary protein. Food conversion rate, specific growth rate, and survival were better in treatments with diets containing 1.25% for isoleucine, 1.73% for leucine, and 1.55% for valine. Conclusion. :Results of this study clearly demonstrated that Cirrhinus cirrhosus could utilize free amino acids for growth. Further, the findings would be useful in formulating isoleucine, leucine, and valine balanced diets in controlled production of mrigal.

Nutritional evaluation of fermented black gram (Phaseolus mungo) seed meal in compound diets for rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton), fingerlings

“…In the present study, the growth rate of rohu fingerlings was low compared to its growth in natural and farm conditions. A similar growth trend has also been reported with other nutritional experiments conducted on Indian major carps including rohu (Ravi and Devaraj, 1991; Bairagi et al., 2002b, 2004; Benkappa and Varghese, 2003; Ramachandran and Ray, 2004). A possible explanation for this lower growth rate could be that Indian major carps are sensitive to environmental conditions and do not attain maximum growth in a confined environment compared with other hardy species such as tilapia and common carp (Benkappa and Varghese, 2003).…”

Dietary Valine Requirement of FingerlingCatla catla

“…It has been reported that excessive intake of one amino acid results in toxic effects and negatively influences the utilization of other amino acids (Choo et al 1991) and stress caused by excess amount of amino acid in the body of the fish leading to extra energy expenditure toward deamination and excretion of the same (Walton 1985). The pattern of growth in fish fed a diet containing higher levels of dietary valine in this study is similar to those obtained on other carps such as C. cirrhosus (Benakappa & Varghese 2003), L. rohita (Abidi & Khan 2004), C. mrigala (Ahmed & Khan 2006), and C. carpio (Dong et al 2013). Growth-depressing effects from dietary supplements of excess branched-chain amino acids are most marked in diets that are deficient in one of the branched-chain amino acids (Harper et al 1970).…”

“…This value (3.09% of dietary protein) is higher than the requirement reported for mozambique tilapia, 2.2% (Jauncey et al 1983); red sea bream, 2.5%, Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus 2.5% (Forster & Ogata 1998); but lower than that of Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica 4.0% (Nose 1979 (Borlongan & Coloso 1993); common carp, 3.6% (Nose 1979); rohu, 3.7% (Abidi & Khan 2004); mrigal, 3.8%-3.9% (Benakappa & Varghese 2003, Ahmed & Khan 2006; and comparable to the requirement reported for channel catfish, 2.9% (Wilson et al 1980) and Nile tilapia, O. niloticus 2.8% (Santiago & Lovell 1988) of the dietary protein.…”

“…Valine requirements have been worked out for various fish species such as fingerling chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Chance et al 1964); fingerling channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Wilson et al 1980); young Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Santiago & Lovell 1988); juvenile rainbow trout, O. mykiss (Rodehutscord et al 1997); fingerling rohu, Labeo rohita (Murthy & Varghese 1997;Abidi & Khan 2004); juvenile red sea bream, Pagrus major (Forster & Ogata 1998); fry Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar (Rollin 1999); fingerling mrigal, Cirrhinus mrigala (Benakappa & Varghese 2003, Ahmed & Khan 2006; adult rainbow trout, O. mykiss (Bae et al 2012); juvenile Jian carp, Cyprinus carpio (Dong et al 2013); and juvenile red sea bream, Pagrus major (Rahimnejad & Lee 2013).…”

Dietary leucine requirement of fingerling Indian major carp, Labeo rohita (Hamilton)

“…1980), catla, Catla catla 3.70% (Ravi & Devaraj 1991), approximately equal to the requirement of the fish including chinook salmon, O. tshawytscha 3.90% (Chance et al . 1964), Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus 3.90% (Forster & Ogata 1998), and lower than the requirement of the fish including red seabream, Pagrus major 4.20% (Forster & Ogata 1998), white sturgeon, Acipensor transmontanus 4.30% (Ng & Hung 1995), Cirrhinus cirrhosus 4.33% (Benakappa & Varghese 2003), rainbow trout, O. mykiss 4.40% (Kaushik 1998) and Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar 5.20% of the protein (Rollin 1999). These reported large variations for leucine requirement may be due to differences in fish size, species, age, laboratory conditions including feeding regime, feed allowances, water temperature, stocking density and combination of ingredients used for the preparation of basal diets such as casein, gelatin and others.…”