Isometric-based test improves EMG-threshold determination in boys vs. men

Differences in time to task failure and fatigability between children and young adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Two separate meta-analyses compared TTF between children versus adults and adolescents versus adults. The exercise duration of 12 out of 18 (67%) of the studies included in these meta-analyses ( Pullinen et al, 2002 ; Berthoin et al, 2003 ; Armatas et al, 2010 ; Pullinen et al, 2011 ; Tibana et al, 2012 ; Murphy et al, 2014 ; Ratel et al, 2015 ; Piponnier et al, 2019a ; Piponnier et al, 2019b ; Woods et al, 2019 ; Piponnier et al, 2020 ; Woods et al, 2020 ) was derived from the total number of contractions performed until task failure. The TTF in seconds was directly provided in the other six studies ( Berthoin et al, 2003 ; Leclair et al, 2011 ; Patikas et al, 2013 ; Hatzikotoulas et al, 2014 ; Tanina et al, 2017 ; Bar-Yoseph et al, 2019 ).…”

“…Longer TTF were reported in children for ten out of the 15 included studies ( Armatas et al, 2010 ; Hatzikotoulas et al, 2014 ; Murphy et al, 2014 ; Ratel et al, 2015 ; Piponnier et al, 2019a ; Bontemps et al, 2019 ; Piponnier et al, 2019b ; Woods et al, 2019 ; Piponnier et al, 2020 ; Woods et al, 2020 ). Seventeen out of the 19 studies that compared fatigability between children and adults observed a lower level of fatigability in children ( Hebestreit et al, 1993 ; Halin et al, 2003 ; Marginson et al, 2005 ; De Ste Croix et al, 2009 ; Dipla et al, 2009 ; Hatzikotoulas et al, 2009 ; Ftikas et al, 2010 ; Gorianovas et al, 2013 ; Liamopoulou et al, 2015 ; Ratel et al, 2015 ; Äyrämö et al, 2017 ; Birat et al, 2018 ; Lazaridis et al, 2018 ; Weinstein et al, 2018 ; Piponnier et al, 2019a ; Bontemps et al, 2019 ; Piponnier et al, 2019b ).…”

“…Also, differences in mitochondrial function and density could favor the children to better liberate and capture oxygen and/or use it ( McCormack et al, 2011 ; Ratel and Blazevich, 2017 ). Nine out of the 15 meta-analyzed studies that investigated TTF differences between children and adults used experimental designs with intermittent fatiguing protocols ( Armatas et al, 2010 ; Murphy et al, 2014 ; Ratel et al, 2015 ; Piponnier et al, 2019a ; Bontemps et al, 2019 ; Piponnier et al, 2019b ; Woods et al, 2019 ; Piponnier et al, 2020 ; Woods et al, 2020 ). All of these nine studies reported longer TTF in children, with only three studies reporting the differences to be non-significant.…”

“…Among the 15 studies that looked at TTF differences between children and adults, 11 used an isometric modality ( Armatas et al, 2010 ; Patikas et al, 2013 ; Hatzikotoulas et al, 2014 ; Ratel et al, 2015 ; Tanina et al, 2017 ; Piponnier et al, 2019a ; Bontemps et al, 2019 ; Piponnier et al, 2019b ; Woods et al, 2019 ; Piponnier et al, 2020 ; Woods et al, 2020 ) while four used a dynamic modality that included running and cycling exercises ( Berthoin et al, 2003 ; Leclair et al, 2011 ; Bar-Yoseph et al, 2019 ) as well as concentric MVCs ( Murphy et al, 2014 ). We found that children had longer TTF than adults when isometric exercises were performed with no differences for dynamic exercises.…”

“…The classification of short versus long-exercise duration indirectly reflects the exercise intensity that was performed during the exercise. Six out of the seven studies classified in the short-duration category used high or maximal intensity of exercise ( Berthoin et al, 2003 ; Hatzikotoulas et al, 2014 ; Murphy et al, 2014 ; Bontemps et al, 2019 ; Piponnier et al, 2019b ; Piponnier et al, 2020 ) and five out of the seven studies classified in the long-duration category used moderate and submaximal intensities ( Leclair et al, 2011 ; Patikas et al, 2013 ; Bar-Yoseph et al, 2019 ; Woods et al, 2019 ; Woods et al, 2020 ). Higher oxidative capacities in children could have favored a most effective recovery between intense exercise bouts explaining why they lasted longer than adults.…”