Isometric shoulder strength in young swimmers

McLaine, Sally J.; Ginn, Karen A.; Fell, James C.; Bird, Marie‐Louise

doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2017.05.003

Cited by 31 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Comparison of findings to previous water‐polo studies was not viable as strength was not normalized relative to body weight or BMI in the previous work, and different testing procedures utilizing isokinetic testing were used . A recent investigation of young swimmers similarly found no significant difference in normalized strength and strength ratio for athletes reporting shoulder pain . Body size plays an important role in water‐polo, with tall players benefiting from increased leverage and control of the ball as well as physical positioning during contact .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Shoulder internal and external rotation strength and prediction of subsequent injury in water‐polo players

Hams

Evans

Adams

et al. 2019

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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Funding informationAndrea Hams is currently supported by a joint QAS-University of Canberra PhD scholarship for the duration of her PhD candidature Water-polo players have greater isokinetic shoulder strength than age-matched controls. Due to the repetitive demands of throwing, however, water-polo players demonstrate an altered strength ratio, with greater internal rotation (IR) strength relative to external rotation (ER). The relationship between shoulder strength and risk of shoulder injury is unknown. In addition, the effect on test position for strength testing on the reliability of handheld dynamometry (HHD) in this population is not known.The aims were to determine the: (a) Inter-rater reliability of HHD testing of IR and ER strength in two positions: neutral and 90°abduction-90°ER (90-90) and (b) relationship between preseason shoulder strength and occurrence of future injury in subelite water-polo players. Two assessors measured shoulder IR and ER strength using HHD in 15 water-polo players across two testing days. Athletes were followed over a 6-month period, and injury was assessed and recorded by the team physiotherapist.Measurement of water-polo players' isometric IR and ER strength in the clinical setting had good to excellent inter-rater reliability; however, systematic error was observed in the neutral position but not the 90-90 position. Irrespective of testing position, the neutral and 90-90 test position showed a significant difference (P = 0.01) in absolute preseason IR and ER mean strength between prospectively injured and non-injured players. There was no significant difference in strength ratio or strength normalized for body mass index. These results suggest that preseason strength testing may help identify players at risk of in-season shoulder injury. K E Y W O R D Sclinical assessment, injury prevention, physical therapy, shoulder, water sports

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Shoulder internal and external rotation strength and prediction of subsequent injury in water‐polo players

Hams

Evans

Adams

et al. 2019

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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“…24 The testing position of 908 of shoulder abduction was used to recreate the midpull-through and recovery phases performed during the stroke. 25 Force was converted into torque (in newton meters) by multiplying the absolute force (in newtons) by the lever arm length (in meters) of the dominant and nondominant sides. Next, torque was normalized to body weight (Nm/kg) and expressed as the percentage of change between sessions.…”

Section: Instrumentation and Outcome Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Training Intensity and Shoulder Musculoskeletal Physical Quality Responses in Competitive Swimmers

Yoma

Herrington

Mackenzie

et al. 2020

Journal of Athletic Training

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Context Shoulder pain is the main cause of missed or modified training in competitive swimmers. Shoulder musculoskeletal maladaptations occur to some extent as a consequence of training loads during swimming that may increase the risk of shoulder injury. Further evidence is needed to understand the training intensities at which these maladaptations occur. Objective To determine the acute effect of training intensity on the shoulder musculoskeletal physical qualities associated with shoulder injury in competitive swimmers. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Indoor swimming pool. Patients or Other Participants Sixteen asymptomatic national- and regional-level swimmers (7 females, 9 males; age = 14.6 ± 3.9 years, height = 160.5 ± 12.7 cm, mass = 55.3 ± 12.5 kg). Main Outcome Measure(s) Bilateral active shoulder-rotation range of motion (ROM), joint position sense, latissimus dorsi length, combined elevation test, and shoulder-rotation isometric peak torque and handgrip peak force normalized to body weight were measured before and immediately after low- and high-intensity swim-training sessions. The intensity of the sessions was determined by the distance swum over or at the pace threshold and confirmed by the swimmer's rating of perceived exertion. Results After the high-intensity training session, shoulder external-rotation ROM (dominant side: P < .001, change = −7.8°; d = 1.10; nondominant side: P = .002, change = −6.5°, d = 1.02), internal-rotator isometric peak torque (dominant side: P < .001, change = −11.4%, d = 0.42; nondominant side: P = .03, change = −6.6%, d = 0.20), and external-rotator isometric peak torque (dominant side: P = .004, change = −8.7%, d = 0.27; nondominant side: P = .02, change = −7.6%, d = 0.25) were reduced. No changes were found in any of the outcome measures after the low-intensity session. Conclusions Shoulder active external-rotation ROM and rotation isometric peak torque were decreased immediately after a high-intensity training session, possibly increasing the risk of injury during subsequent training. Monitoring these variables may help practitioners adjust and manage training loads to decrease the risk of shoulder injury.

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“…Especially when freestyle swimming training is dominant; shoulder makes continuous repetitive movements in the direction of shoulder, IR, adduction and extension (EX) and these muscles are expected to strengthen further. IR and adduction muscle strength have been declared to be increased in studies, but studies on flexion (FL) and EX strength are inconsistent (13,14). McLaine et al reported that the low EX muscle strength may be associated with a shoulder injury (15).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A strong selective increase in shoulder muscle groups that produces the strength required to swim can cause muscle imbalances over time (16). In the literature, there are studies examining the profiles of shoulder muscle strength (FL, EX, ER, IR) and muscle strength ratios (FL: EX, ER: IR) in the studies investigated in swimmers (14,17,18). However, these muscle strengths and ratios are different and inconsistent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does total rotation range of motion asymmetry have an effect on shoulder isometric muscle strength in young swimmers?

Öztürk

Özçadırcı

Cinemre

et al. 2020

Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences

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Objective: The total rotational range of motion (TRROM) difference in right-left side shoulder glenohumeral joint and muscle strength imbalance in the dominant-nondominant side have been reported to be associated with injury in swimmers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the shoulder isometric muscle strength of young swimmers with and without TRROM asymmetry. Methods: Assessments of passive TRROM were measured with a goniometer. Hand-held dynamometry was used for the shoulder isometric muscle strength measurements in young swimmers. Thirty-two female swimmers (age: 11.1±1.5 years; body weight: 39.8±9.6 kg) and 42 male swimmers (age: 10.9±1.6 years; body weight 38.1±8.3 kg) were divided into two groups according to TRROM asymmetry in glenohumeral joint. Results: Isometric strength of shoulder muscles (flexion , extension , external rotation (ER) , internal rotation (IR) , Flexion: Extension and External rotation: Internal rotation) were similar between the groups with TRROM asymmetry (n=30) and without TRROM asymmetry (n=44) in both dominant and non-dominant sides (p>0.05). Additionally, while external rotation: internal rotation of dominant side was greater in female (p=0.04), other isometric muscle strength and ratio were similar in both gender (p>0.05). Conclusions: TRROM asymmetry is one of the many factors affecting muscle strength in overhead sports (basketball, volleyball) but it is not effective in these ages range in the swimming.

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Isometric shoulder strength in young swimmers

Cited by 31 publications

References 24 publications

Shoulder internal and external rotation strength and prediction of subsequent injury in water‐polo players

Shoulder internal and external rotation strength and prediction of subsequent injury in water‐polo players

Training Intensity and Shoulder Musculoskeletal Physical Quality Responses in Competitive Swimmers

Does total rotation range of motion asymmetry have an effect on shoulder isometric muscle strength in young swimmers?

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