Isothermal epoxy-cure monitoring using nonlinear ultrasonics

Koissin, V.; Demčenko, Andriejus; Korneev, Valeri

doi:10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2014.01.003

Cited by 25 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The technique has been successfully used for measurements of physical ageing in thermoplastics [6,21], and has the potential for evaluation of diffusive bonds between titanium alloys [22]. It has also been shown that using the noncollinear wave-mixing technique for isothermal-epoxy-cure monitoring enables users to estimate four transition points in the curing process instead of the three points provided by linear ultrasonics [21,27]. However, the limited range of experimental work involving noncollinear wave-mixing techniques means that broader experimental verification of the techniques-at different measurement conditions and for different applications-is necessary.…”

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confidence: 99%

A study of the noncollinear ultrasonic-wave-mixing technique under imperfect resonance conditions

2015

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Geometrical and material property changes cause deviations in the resonant conditions used for noncollinear wave mixing. These deviations are predicted and observed using the SV(ω1)+L(ω2)→L(ω1+ω2) interaction, where SV and L are the shear vertical and longitudinal waves, respectively, and ω1, ω2 are their frequencies. Numerical predictions, performed for the scattered secondary field in the far field zone, show three field features of imperfect resonance conditions: (1) rotation of a scattered beam, (2) decrease in the beam amplitude, and (3) beam splitting. The response of the nonlinear ultrasonic wave mixing technique is verified experimentally in two ways: (1) detection of a kissing bond between two polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plates, and (2) detection of subsurface micro-cracks in polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). A predominant decrease in nonlinear wave energy is observed in both experiments. Beam rotation and splitting is observed in the kissing-bond experiment, while a minor increase in the nonlinear wave energy up to 100% is observed in the micro-cracked PMMA specimen.

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A study of the noncollinear ultrasonic-wave-mixing technique under imperfect resonance conditions

2015

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“…This is attributed to the cross‐linking reaction between the secondary amine on the D‐MWCNT surfaces and the epoxy matrix. However, the reaction was delayed by the strong steric hindrance effect induced by the bulky MWCNT .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rheological properties and fracture toughness of epoxy resin/multi‐walled carbon nanotube composites

Park

Heo

Jin

2015

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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Multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), surface‐treated via chemical functionalization, i.e., oxidation and amidation, were used to reinforce diglycidylether of bisphenol F (DGEBF) epoxy resin. The effects of the functionalization on the dispersion stability, rheological properties, and fracture toughness of DGEBF/MWCNT composites were investigated. The dispersion homogeneity of the MWCNTs in the epoxy matrix improved after functionalization. In addition, isothermal rheology measurements revealed that the DGEBF/dodecyl amine‐functionalized MWCNT (D‐MWCNT) composite had a longer gel time and higher activation energy of cross‐linking than the DGEBF/acid‐treated MWCNT (A‐MWCNT) composite. The fracture toughness of the former was also significantly higher than that of the latter; this resulted from the relatively high dispersion stability of the D‐MWCNTs in the epoxy matrix, owing to the presence of alkyl groups on the D‐MWCNT surface. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 55:2676–2682, 2015. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers

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“…To monitor the curing parameters, ultrasonic testing is an effective method, which is sufficiently sensitive to structural status changes. Koissin et al [25] adopted a nonlinear ultrasonic immersion technique to monitor the resin curing in an aluminum-adhesive-aluminum laminate. Khadka et al [26] embedded a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor and thermocouple in an epoxy system cured at 12 • C to determine its curing characteristics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Real-Time Life-Cycle Monitoring of Composite Structures Using Piezoelectric-Fiber Hybrid Sensor Network

Liu

Yan

et al. 2021

Sensors

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In this paper, an in situ piezoelectric-fiber hybrid sensor network was developed to monitor the life-cycle of carbon fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRPs), from the manufacturing phase to the life in service. The piezoelectric lead-zirconate titanate (PZT) sensors were inserted inside the composite structures during the manufacturing process to monitor important curing parameters, including the storage modulus of resin and the progress of the reaction (POR). The strain that is related to the storage modulus and the state of resin was measured by embedded fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors, and the gelation moment identified by the FBG sensors was very close to those determined by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and POR. After curing, experiments were conducted on the fabricated CFRP specimen to investigate the damage identification capability of the embedded piezoelectric sensor network. Furthermore, a modified probability diagnostic imaging (PDI) algorithm with a dynamically adaptive shape factor and fusion frequency was proposed to indicate the damage location in the tested sample and to greatly improve the position precision. The experimental results demonstrated that the average relative distance error (RDE) of the modified PDI method was 68.48% and 46.97% lower than those of the conventional PDI method and the PDI method, respectively, with an averaged shape factor and fusion frequency, indicating the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed damage imaging method. It is obvious that the whole life-cycle of CFRPs can be effectively monitored by the piezoelectric-fiber hybrid sensor network.

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Isothermal epoxy-cure monitoring using nonlinear ultrasonics

Cited by 25 publications

References 34 publications

A study of the noncollinear ultrasonic-wave-mixing technique under imperfect resonance conditions

A study of the noncollinear ultrasonic-wave-mixing technique under imperfect resonance conditions

Rheological properties and fracture toughness of epoxy resin/multi‐walled carbon nanotube composites

Real-Time Life-Cycle Monitoring of Composite Structures Using Piezoelectric-Fiber Hybrid Sensor Network

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