Isotonic and Isometric Responses of Differenttonic Muscles to Agonists and Antagonists

Abstract

I With isotonic recording the percentage of muscle shortening as compared with the maximal possible shortening, and with isometric recording the percentage of developed tension were determined. In relatively 'thick' muscles, such as dorsal leech muscle, frog rectus abdominis or protractor pharynx of holothuria (0.3-0.8 mm thick), the concentrations of a full agonist (carbachol) producing a given percentage of tension, (e.g. 50%) are about 5 times greater than the concentrations, producing the same percentage of shortening. In 'thin' muscles the difference between the percentage of shortening and tension is either small (retractor dentis of the sea urchin, 0.1 mm thick, response to carbachol) or absent (guinea-pig ileum, 0.06 mm thick, responses to methylfurmethide). The possible mechanism underlying this difference is discussed. 2 With partial agonists (dodecamethonium and heptamethonium) the fractional tension of the frog rectus abdominis is always less than the fractional shortening and the correlation between shortening and tension is the same as in the case of full agonists. 3 The blocking activity of (+)-tubocurarine on the frog rectus abdominis is the same in isotonic and in isometric conditions. 4 On the frog rectus abdominis the alkylating agent, decamethonium mustard, does not produce any 'parallel shift' of the dose-response curve for carbachol, the only result of alkylation being a decrease in maximal response, which is more pronounced in isometric than in isotonic conditions. The degree of decrease is in accordance with the correlation between percentage of shortening and percentage of tension in the absence of alkylating agent. Probably this muscle does not possess any 'spare receptors'. 5 On the frog muscle the dose-isometric response curve for acetylcholine (ACh) is shifted toward greater concentration about 33-fold as compared with the dose-isotonic response curve but after the inhibition of cholinesterases the shift is only about 6-fold. The same shift (5-fold) is observed for carbachol, which is not hydrolysed by cholinesterases. The results with ACh are due to the fact, that after cholinesterase inhibition the sensitivity to ACh increases in isotonic conditions only 13-fold, but in isometric conditions it increases 71-fold. Probably under isometric conditions, when the muscle remains in the extended state, the rate of hydrolysis of ACh is much greater than under isotonic conditions when the muscle is shortened during contraction.

Possible embryogenetical differences of the dog venous system in sensitivity to vasoactive substances.

“…The diffusion rate of an agent or the thickness of the vein possibly affect the pD2 value (21). For example, the concentration of an agent in the outer region of a tissue may be different from the inner region.…”

The Influence of Motor Nerve Tetanization on the Effect of Organophosphorus Cholinesterase Inhibitors on Neuromuscular Transmission

“…The authors suggested that the penetration of ACh to the muscle ChE is hampered when the muscle is contracted and shortened. Michelson & Shelkovnikov (1976) have presented evidence that the isolated rectus abdominis muscle of the frog also hydrolyses ACh more rapidly in an extended state (isometric conditions) than in a shortened state (isotonic recording). Lancaster (1973) added a quaternary ammonium OPI to the bath containing a nerve-muscle preparation of rat diaphragm and observed that in the tetanized muscle the degree of ChE inhibition was less than in the control.…”

Studies of human airways in vitro: A review of the methodology

“…At all muscle lengths, force development in isometric experiments is higher, indicating that in isotonic contraction the smooth muscle does not contract fully (Stephens and Van Niekerk, 1977). This incomplete contraction may be due to thickening of the muscle-hindering diffusion of the neurotransmitter and folding of contractile elements impairing optimal functioning (Michelson and Shelkovnikov, 1976;Stephens and Van Niekerk, 1977). At function residual capacity (FRC) in vivo, the tracheal smooth muscle may be stretched to around L,,, (Moreno et al, 1986).…”