Isotope and fluid inclusion geochemistry and genesis of the Qiangma gold deposit, Xiaoqinling gold field, Qinling Orogen, China

Ore genesis of the Xiadian gold deposit, Jiaodong Peninsula, East China: Information from fluid inclusions and mineralization

“…2. Division of mineralization, a quartz-pyrite stage (I), a gold-bearing fine-grained pyrite-quartz stage (II), a polymetallic sulphidequartz stage (III), and a quartz-carbonate stage (IV), is consistent with other typical orogenic deposits, namely, early quartz-pyrite veins, middle stage quartz-polymetallic sulphide veinlets, and late stage carbonate-quartz veinlets (Chen, 2007;Chen et al, 2007;Deng et al, 2014;Zhou, Chen, et al, 2014a;Zhou, Lin et al, 2014b;Zhou et al, 2015). NaCl ± CH 4 system with medium temperature and salinity to an H 2 O-NaCl system with low temperature and salinity, from CO 2rich to CO 2 -poor in composition (Groves, Goldfarb, Gebre-Mariam, Hagemann, & Robert, 1998;Goldfarb et al, 2005).…”

“…The middle‐stage temperatures are within the range of 210.3–333.5°C, and the mineralization pressures vary between 40 and 193 MPa. The range of main mineralization temperature is similar with orogenic deposits (Chen et al, ; Deng et al, ; Zhou, Chen, et al, ; Zhou, Lin et al, ; Zhou et al, ), corresponding depth is lower than it is in orogenic deposits in Qinling Orogen, which may be relative to the crustal thinning of the North China Craton since the Mesozoic. The salinity of some inclusions in orogenic gold deposits could be more than 10 wt.% NaCl equivalent or even 20 wt.% NaCl equivalent. All of these fluid inclusions, trapped from boiling CO 2 –H 2 O fluid system, are in the late mineralization stage (Chen, ; Hagemann & Luders, ).…”

“…The middle-stage temperatures are within the range of 210.3-333.5°C, and the mineralization pressures vary between 40 and 193 MPa. The range of main mineralization temperature is similar with orogenic deposits Deng et al, 2014;Zhou, Chen, et al, 2014a;Zhou, Lin et al, 2014b;Zhou et al, 2015), corresponding depth is lower than it is in orogenic deposits in Qinling Orogen, which may be relative to the crustal thinning of the North China Craton since the Mesozoic.…”

Re–Os and Sr–Nd–Pb isotope constraints on source of fluids in the Zhifang Mo deposit, Qinling Orogen, China

“…The geological and geochemical characteristics of the Zhifang molybdenum deposit are characterized by low salinity and high CO 2 content (Deng et al, 2014b), and are similar to those of the orogenic-type deposits both in the Qinling Orogen, such as the Shanggong (Chen et al, 2008), Tieluping Ag deposit (Chen et al, 2004), Weishancheng Ag-Au belt (Zhang et al, 2013), Yindonggou Ag-polymetal deposit (Yue et al, 2014), Lengshuibeigou Pb-Zn deposit (Qi et al, 2007), Wangpingxigou Pb-Zn deposit (Yao et al, 2008), and Dahu Au-Mo deposit (Li et al, 2011a;Ni et al, 2012Ni et al, , 2014, as well as those in other parts of the world (Groves et al, 1998;Kerrich et al, 2000;Chen et al, 2005;Goldfarb et al, 2005;Larsen and Stein, 2007;Zhang et al, 2012;Zheng et al, 2012;Zhong et al, 2012;Zhou et al, 2014a,b;Zheng et al, 2015;Zhou et al, 2015). Therefore, the Zhifang deposit has been classified as an orogenic-type molybdenum deposit (Deng et al, 2014b).…”

Ore-forming fluids of the Fancha gold deposit, Lingbao, Henan Province

“…Previous studies have investigated the ore-forming fluids of the gold deposits in the area (CHEN et al, 2007;FAN et al, 2003;LI et al, 2012b;MAO et al, 2002;). The phases of the inclusions in the current gold deposits are three-phase CO 2 -rich, three-phase CO 2 -bearing, two phase aqueous, liquid, vapours, and threephase daughter mineral-bearing inclusions (ZHAO et al, 2017;ZHOU et al, 2015). Currently the main theories on the origins of the ore-forming fluids include: (1) metamorphic fluids (WANG and ZHOU, 1996), (2) magmatic fluids (NIE et al, 2001), (3) deep mantle fluids (LU et al, 2003), and (4) mixed fluids (CHEN et al, 2007).…”