Isotopic Abundances of Palladium

Consolazio, George A.; Baldock, R.; Weinberg, Annelie M.; Taylor, E. H.; Shipley, E.D.; Kelley, M.T.; Livingston, Robert S.; Sites, J.R.

doi:10.2172/4403376

Cited by 2 publications

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“…The discovery was originally published anonymously by Wollaston to obtain priority, while not disclosing any details about his preparation. In its 1961 report [22], CAWIA recommended the atomic weight of Pd to be A r (Pd) = 106.4 based on the isotope-abundance measurements by Sites et al [383] using atomic masses by Everling et al [23]. The uncertainty U[A r (Pd)] = 0.1 was assigned by CAWIA in 1969 [4], which gave Pd the least precisely tabulated atomic weight at that time.…”

Section: Sr Strontiummentioning

confidence: 99%

Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)

Laeter¹,

Böhlke²,

Bièvre³

et al. 2003

Pure and Applied Chemistry

929

554

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Republication or reproduction of this report or its storage and/or dissemination by electronic means is permitted without the need for formal IUPAC permission on condition that an acknowledgmentAbstract: A consistent set of internationally accepted atomic weights has long been an essential aim of the scientific community because of the relevance of these values to science and technology, as well as to trade and commerce subject to ethical, legal, and international standards. The standard atomic weights of the elements are regularly evaluated, recommended, and published in updated tables by the Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances (CAWIA) of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). These values are invariably associated with carefully evaluated uncertainties. Atomic weights were originally determined by mass ratio measurements coupled with an understanding of chemical stoichiometry, but are now based almost exclusively on knowledge of the isotopic composition (derived from isotope-abundance ratio measurements) and the atomic masses of the isotopes of the elements. Atomic weights and atomic masses are now scaled to a numerical value of exactly 12 for the mass of the carbon isotope of mass number 12. Technological advances in mass spectrometry and nuclear-reaction energies have enabled atomic masses to be determined with a relative uncertainty of better than 1 × 10 -7 . Isotope abundances for an increasing number of elements can be measured to better than 1 × 10 -3 . The excellent precision of such measurements led to the discovery that many elements, in different specimens, display significant variations in their isotope-abundance ratios, caused by a variety of natural and industrial physicochemical processes. While such variations increasingly place a constraint on the uncertainties with which some standard atomic weights can be stated, they provide numerous opportunities for investigating a range of important phenomena in physical, chemical, cosmological, biological, and industrial processes. This review reflects the current and increasing interest of science in the measured differences between source-specific and even sample-specific atomic weights. These relative comparisons can often be made with a smaller uncertainty than is achieved in the best calibrated "absolute" (= SI-traceable) atomic-weight determinations. Accurate determinations of the atomic weights of certain elements also influence the values of fundamental constants such as the Avogadro, Faraday, and universal gas constants. This review is in two parts: the first summarizes the development of the science of atomic-weight determinations during the 20 th century; the second summarizes the changes and variations that have been recognized in the values and uncertainties of atomic weights, on an element-by-element basis, in the latter part of the 20 th century.J. R. de LAETER et al.

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Section: Sr Strontiummentioning

confidence: 99%

Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)

Laeter¹,

Böhlke²,

Bièvre³

et al. 2003

Pure and Applied Chemistry

929

554

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Studies of natural variations in the relative abundances of isotopes of stable elements include: sulfur (183,300), strontium (6), carbon (333), and silicon (263). Collins, Farquhar, and Russell (43) report wider variations in the abundances of the isotopes of common lead than previously observed by Nier. The isotopic constitution of palladium (278), ruthenium (103), silicon (236), and silicon, germanium, and hafnium (262) are recently reported. Palmer (242) discusses the accuracy and limitations of a Metropolitan-Vickers instrument for comparative isotopic abundance measurements of a number of elements.…”

Section: Measurement and Applicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mass Spectrometry

Dibeler¹

1954

Anal. Chem.

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HE broad survey of the literature of mass spectrometry T attempted in the preceding review (61) is continued in the present one on the premise of expanded mutual interests of chemists and physicists in the many fields of science t o which mass spectrometry contributes. An effort has been made to include papers, especially of foreign origin, published too late t o be included in the previous review.Activity in mass spectrometry continues to increase in scope and intensity. Aside from the magnitude of the present review, comprehensive accounts of the theory, instrumentation, and applicatjons of mass spectrometry (16, 84, 160,208,209,230) attest to this fact. Other reviews (57, 66,149,167,181, 182, 191, 2565,257) consider recent developments and applications in varying detail, stressing for the most part chemical and isotopic analysis. INSTRUMEYTATION, METHODS AND TECHNIQUESWattauch (903,204) gives an extensive description of the various types of electrical and magnetic field arrangements used in conventional instruments for precise mass measurements. He also reports a method for determining dispersion in mass spectrography (207). The construction of a Mattauch-type mass spectrograph with a resolution of about 1/12,000 is reported by Delfosse and NBve de Mevergnies (59). Herzog (140) describes a new instrument with anastigmatic image which utilizes a combination of a spherical condenser and a homogeneous magnetic field. A new instrument utilizing no magnetic field is described b y Paul and Steinwedel (246). Miller and coworkers (212) report the development and certain clinical applications of a port-

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Isotopic Abundances of Palladium

Cited by 2 publications

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Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)

Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)

Mass Spectrometry

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