Isotopic profiling of seized benzylpiperazine and trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine tablets using δ13C and δ15N stable isotopes

Beckett, Nicola M.; Cresswell, Sarah L.; Grice, I. Darren; Carter, James F.

doi:10.1016/j.scijus.2014.08.003

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(52 reference statements)

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“…Total Kjeldahl phosphorus (TKP) and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) were determined by using an inductivity coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (PerkinElmer ICP-OES Optima 7300DV instrument) as described elsewhere [27]. Total carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) content were measured by using a stable isotope analyser (Sercon Hydra 20-22) and using the method described elsewhere [28]. The biogas composition was analysed by using a gas chromatograph (Shimadzu GC-2014) as per the protocol described elsewhere [29].…”

Section: Analitical Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Temporal Variation in Chemical Composition on Methane Yields of Rendering Plant Wastewater

Conde

Kaparaju

2022

Energies

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The effect of temporal variation in chemical composition on methane yields of rendering plant wastewater was studied in batch experiments at 37 °C. In total, 14 grab samples were collected from Monday through Friday (Day 1 to 5) from a rendering plant located in Queensland, Australia. Each day, three samples were collected: early morning (S1), midday (S2) and afternoon (S3). Chemical analyses showed that a significant different in total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) was noticed among the samples. TS content ranged from 0.13% to 1.82% w/w, while VS content was between 0.11% and 1.44% w/w. Among the samples, S2 of Day 3 had the highest COD concentration (10.5 g/L) whilst S1 of Day 1 had the lowest COD (3.75 g/L) and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration (149.1 mg/L). In all samples, acetic acid was the dominant VFA and accounted for more than 65–90% of total VFAs. Biochemical methane potential studies showed that the highest methane yield of 270.2 L CH4/kgCODadded was obtained from S3 of Day 3. Whilst the lowest methane yield was noticed for S1 of Day 1 (83.7 L CH4/kgCODadded). Results from kinetic modelling showed the modified Grompetz model was best fit than the first order model and a large variation was noticed between the experimental and the modelled data. Time delay ranged from 2.51 to 3.84 d whilst hydrolysis constant values were close to 0.21 d−1. Thus, the study showed that chemical composition of incoming feed to a biogas plant varies throughout the week and is dependent on the chemical composition of organic materials received and the amount of steam used for rendering process.

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Section: Analitical Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Temporal Variation in Chemical Composition on Methane Yields of Rendering Plant Wastewater

Conde

Kaparaju

2022

Energies

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“…Highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to separate BZP and TFMPP. Beckett et al (64) showed the possibility of obtaining information on the origin of designer drugs, including BZP and TFMPP by using IRMS. Görgens et al (36) conducted research to identify the highly polar doping compounds used in sports.…”

Section: Methods Of Identification For Piperazine Designer Drugsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Piperazine derivatives as dangerous abused compounds

Welz

Koba

2020

Acta Pharmaceutica

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Piperazine derivatives are a group of compounds with a psychostimulant effect. They are an alternative to illegal drugs. They are being searched for recreational use due to their psychoactive and hallucinogenic effects. The high popularity of these compounds can be noticed all over the world due to easy purchase, lack of legal regulations and incorrect assessment of the safety of use. The recreational use of piperazine derivatives can often result in chronic and acute health problems and additionally with unpredictable remote effects. It is also common to take mixtures of psychoactive compounds. This hinders the correct diagnosis and treatment of patients with poisoning. The presented work is an illustration of the wide problem of piperazine derivatives abuse. The health effects and the possibility of identifying these compounds in preparations and biological material are described.

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“…Biogas composition (CH 4 and CO 2 ) was analysed by using a gas chromatograph (Shimadzu 2014, Sercon Ltd., Crewe, UK) equipped with a thermal conductivity detector (TCD) according to protocol described elsewhere [29]. The amount of total carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) was determined by using a stable isotope analyser (Sercon Hydra 20-22, Sercon Ltd., Crewe, UK) according to methodology published elsewhere [30]. A Flashsmart elemental analyser was used to determine the carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur content [31].…”

Section: Synergistic Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anaerobic Digestion of Spoiled Maize, Lucerne and Barley Silage Mixture with and without Cow Manure: Methane Yields and Kinetic Studies

Sarode,

Kumar,

Mathias

et al. 2023

Energies

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The effect of different inoculum-to-substrate ratios (ISRs) and feed mix (FM) ratios on the kinetics of methane production and yields during anaerobic digestion of spoiled silage mixture (SM) alone or co-digestion with cow manure (CM) was investigated in batch experiments at 37 °C. The silage mixture was prepared from spoiled silages of maize, lucerne and barley in equal proportions of 33% by wet weight. The effect of ISRs of 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 showed that methane yields increased with an increased ISR ratio. At ISRs of 1, 2 and 4, methane yields of 262.18 ± 14.96, 387.77 ± 14.43 and 482.23 ± 38.47 NmL CH4/gVSadded were obtained, respectively. Incubation at ISR 0.5 resulted in low methane yields (174.49 ± 9.29 NmL CH4/gVSadded) due to build-up of volatile fatty acids (VFAs). Further, co-digestion of spoiled SM with CM showed that the highest methane yields of 387.77 and 382.86 NmL CH4/gVSadded were obtained at SM:CM feed mix ratios of 100–0 and 75–25, respectively. The corresponding volatile solids (VS) removal rates were 72.80% and 70.82%, respectively. However, the best synergistic effect was noticed at a SM:CM = 50–50 feed mix ratio. Thus, this study shows that anaerobic digestion of spoiled silages is feasible and co-digestion of spoiled silage mixed with cow manure at a SM:CM feed mix ratio of 75–25 is recommended.

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Isotopic profiling of seized benzylpiperazine and trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine tablets using δ13C and δ15N stable isotopes

Cited by 7 publications

References 35 publications

Effect of Temporal Variation in Chemical Composition on Methane Yields of Rendering Plant Wastewater

Effect of Temporal Variation in Chemical Composition on Methane Yields of Rendering Plant Wastewater

Piperazine derivatives as dangerous abused compounds

Anaerobic Digestion of Spoiled Maize, Lucerne and Barley Silage Mixture with and without Cow Manure: Methane Yields and Kinetic Studies

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