“…The melting point of sulfur is relatively low ($110°C); its thermal conductivity is also low. Hence, in previous studies, a sulfur target has usually been used in the form of only its chemical compounds or with backing material(s), for example, Li 2 S [10][11][12][13][14][15], Ag 2 S [16][17][18][19], Sb 2 S 3 with C [20,21], CaS with Be [22], CdS with Au [23], CdS with C [24,25], ZnS with C [26], MoS 2 with C [27], ZnS or CdS with Ta [28], H 2 S with gas cell windows [29,30], S with Be [31], S with Au [32], S with C [33], S with Ta and C [34], S with aluminized Mylar [35], and S with Mylar [36]. However, no previous study has used windowless sulfur targets for carrying out charged particle irradiation.…”