Isozymic heterogeneity of Trypanosoma cruzi in the first autochthonous patients with Chagas' disease in Amazonian Brazil

Trypanosoma cruzi: ancestral genomes and population structure

“…Two major evolutionary lineages of the parasite, named T. cruzi I and T. cruzi II, have been identified (Satellite Meeting 1999). These lineages are very divergent, as revealed by several biological and molecular markers including isozymes (Miles 1978) and polymorphism in 24Sα rDNA (GenBank accession nº L19411) and mini-exon gene (GenBank accession nº X62674) sequences . T. cruzi I and T. cruzi II strains belong predominantly to distinct ecological environments: the sylvatic and domestic transmission cycles of Chagas disease, respectively .…”

A new consensus for Trypanosoma cruzi intraspecific nomenclature: second revision meeting recommends TcI to TcVI

“…T. cruzi strains characterised by biological and biochemical features (e.g., biodemes and zymodemes) and molecular techniques [e.g., multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE), random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD), mini-exon and 24Sα ribosomal DNA sequences] should be classified into two principal groups, named T. cruzi I and T. cruzi II. The classification of apparent hybrid strains and strains equivalent to Zymodeme 3 (Miles et al 1978(Miles et al , 1981 and Biodeme Type I (Andrade 1974) would be decided later after further studies.…”

“…Over the years, numerous approaches have been used to characterise the population structure of T. cruzi, aiming at defining the number of relevant subgroups. Accordingly, these subgroups received different designations, including zymodemes (Miles et al 1977, 1978, 1981, Romanha et al 1979, schizodemes (Morel et al 1980), biodemes (Andrade 1974, Andrade & Magalhães 1997, clonets (Tibayrenc & Ayala 1991), lineages (Souto et al 1996), clades (Kawashita et al 2001) and, more recently, discrete typing units (DTUs) (Tibayrenc 1998) and haplotypes (Freitas et al 2006, Herrera et al 2007.…”

Genetic diversity of Colombian sylvatic Trypanosoma cruzi isolates revealed by the ribosomal DNA

“…Studies based on enzyme electrophoretic profiles (Miles et al 1977(Miles et al , 1978(Miles et al , 1980 identified three distinct zymodemes of T. cruzi isolates in Brazil: zymodeme 1 (Z1) and 3 (Z3), associated with the sylvatic environment, and zymodeme 2 (Z2) with the domestic transmission cycle.…”