ISSR genotyping of Phoenix theophrasti natural populations in Turkey and Crete (Greece) and P. dactylifera

Abstract

Intraspecific and interspecific diversity between Phoenix theophrasti individuals (92 from Turkey and 70 from Crete, Greece) and P. dactylifera specimens (28 from Turkey) were investigated by inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) analysis. A total of 45 polymorphic fragments, 360-3454 bps long, were produced. Intraspecific diversity for P. dactylifera was 26.63% and similarities ranged between 0.5 and 1. In the constructed dendrogram, P. dactylifera specimens clustered together in the first main group, outside branches consisting of P. theophrasti samples that generated the second main group. The intraspecific diversity for Turkish P. theophrasti populations was found to be 18.60% and for Cretan populations 13.45%. Antalya-Kumluca-Karaöz samples were grouped outside the branches of the remaining P. theophrasti samples. All three Cretan populations formed their own, separate branch. Datça-Eksera Stream samples together with two Datça-Hurmalıbük specimens constituted a group excluding Datça-Hurmalıbük and Bodrum-Gölköy specimens. Five Bodrum-Gölköy genotypes were clustered separately. Gene flow (N m ) values among populations were estimated from 0.157 to 59.615. AMOVA analysis revealed the percentages of variance among and within Phoenix populations: 73% and 27%, respectively. The first three principal coordinate components accounted for 37.60, 29.32 and 20.04%, respectively, thus the total variance obtained from the first three principal coordinate components was 86.96%. A positive correlation between geographic and genetic distances of populations was detected by Mantel tests (Rx,y = 0.44, p = 0.04). The populations were classified into four clusters by STRUCTURE analysis, supported the PCoA data. To conclude, ISSR results support that P. dactylifera and P. theophrasti are different species. Moreover, the findings not only revealed relationships between natural Phoenix theophrasti populations but also supported the identification of the P. theophrasti individuals that are phenotypically differentiated in the divided Bodrum-Gölköy population (P. theophrasti subsp. golkoyana).ISSR genotyping of Phoenix theophrasti natural populations in Turkey and Crete (Greece) and P. dactylifera

Species Identification and Genetic Diversity Analysis of Medicinal Plants Aconitum pendulum Busch and Aconitum flavum Hand.-Mazz.

“…There are some indications that ISSR could be used to identify species. The ISSR results obtained by the authors of Boydak et al [ 46 ] supported the idea that the well-known date palms Phoenix theophrasti and P. dactylifera are different species. The ISSR marker system has also been used to determine molecular differences between two species of cotton [ 28 ].…”

Genetic Diversity and Population Differentiation of a Chinese Endangered Plant Ammopiptanthus nanus (M. Pop.) Cheng f.

“…Gene flow can prevent or reduce genetic differences between populations accumulated by isolation, and frequent gene flow (Nm > 1.0) can prevent differentiation between populations caused by genetic drift. At Nm < 1.0, genetic drift is the dominant cause of differentiation among populations [34,36,39,40]. Our results show that the geneexchange level among the six wild populations of A. nanus is very low, which intensifies their inter-population genetic differentiation, and there is a clear trend of increase.…”

“…An UPGMA clustering map showed that the genetic distance between Akeqi and Ohsalur populations was the shortest, although the spatial distance between the two sites was the greatest. Previous studies showed that the genetic distance between populations was proportional to the spatial distance between them [34,36,39]; however, inconsistencies also existed in this relationship [35,40]. The Akeqi and Ohsalur populations are spatially remote but genetically close; thus, the two populations are genetically similar, possibly owing to genetically similar ancestors.…”

“…The genetic diversity of plant populations is determined by many factors, such as habitat type, reproductive mode, genetic mutation, genetic drift, and gene flow [33]. The percentage of polymorphic loci (P), Nei's gene diversity index (H), and Shannon's information index (I) are usually used for describing the genetic diversity level of a population or a species [26,[34][35][36].…”

The Assessment of Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Endemic Scutellaria yildirimlii by ISSR Marker for Conservation Purposes

“…ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeat), which is a PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) based molecular marker, primers with double, triple, quadruple and quintuple repetitive nucleotides are used, and the region between two microsatellites can be ampli ed with these primers (Zietkiewicz et al 1994). Because of their highly polymorphic nature, this technique aids in assessing variation among species and detecting population structure (Boydak et al 2021). ISSR markers have some advantages like primer design without knowledge of genomic sequence, the requirement of a small amount of DNA and low costs compared with RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism), SSR (Simple Sequence Repeat), and AFLP (Ampli ed Fragment Length Polymorphism) techniques.…”