Issues in Prison Sexual Violence

Lockwood, Daniel

doi:10.1177/003288558306300107

Cited by 37 publications

(44 citation statements)

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“…Although studies have found rates ranging from 0% (Tewksbury, 1989) to more than 10% (Struckman-Johnson et al, 1996), most report rates between 0.5% and 1.5% (e.g., Gaes & Goldberg, 2004;Hensley et al, 2003;Lockwood, 1980;Maitland & Sluder, 1998;Saum, Surratt, Inciardi, & Bennett, 1995). In the main analysis we assumed that 1% of incarcerated men are raped in prison (i.e., P(R) = 1%).…”

Section: Epidemiological Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Model-Based Estimates of HIV Acquisition Due to Prison Rape

2007

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Nearly 1.4 million men are incarcerated in federal and state prisons in the United States. These men are disproportionately affected by HIV in comparison with the at-large male population. The elevated prevalence of HIV infection in U.S. prisons has raised concerns over the potential for intraprison HIV transmission due to rape and other forms of sexual victimization. However, the number of men who acquire HIV after being raped in U.S. prisons is not known. We developed a mathematical model of HIV transmission to estimate the likelihood that an incarcerated man would become infected as a result of prison rape and to provide preliminary estimates of the number of prison rape victims who acquire HIV. Our results suggest that between 43 and 93 currently incarcerated men already have or will acquire HIV as a result of being raped in prison. Keywords prison rape; HIV; mathematical modelMore than 2 million U.S. adults were incarcerated in federal and state prisons and local jails at the end of 2003 (Harrison & Beck, 2004). Federal and state prisons alone house nearly 1.5 million inmates, the majority (93%) of whom are men (Harrison & Beck, 2004).A disproportionate number of U.S. prison inmates are infected with HIV-the virus that causes AIDS-in comparison with the at-large population. Approximately 1.9% of men and 2.8% of women incarcerated in state and federal prisons are known to have HIV (Maruschak, 2004); the true prevalence of infection is likely to be higher. The elevated prevalence of HIV infection in U.S. prisons has raised concerns over the potential for intraprison HIV transmission due to rape and other forms of sexual victimization (Dumond, 1992;Krebs, 2002;Mair, Frattaroli, & Teret, 2003;Mariner, 2001;Robertson, 2003; Stop Prisoner Rape, 2005).Although estimates of the frequency of prison rape vary widely, prisoner-on-prisoner sexual assaults occur with alarming regularity. A recent meta-analysis of published studies of prison sexual assault indicated that approximately 1.9% of all inmates are raped or otherwise seriously assaulted while in prison (Gaes & Goldberg, 2004). Notably, prison rape incidents often involve multiple perpetrators (Banbury, 2004;Mariner, 2001; Struckman-Johnson, StruckmanJohnson, Rucker, Bumby, & Donaldson, 1996) and sometimes cause serious injury to the victim, including trauma to rectal and vaginal tissue (Dumond & Dumond, 2002), both of which increase HIV risk (Schoub, 1999). Moreover, unlike sexual assault in the general community, a person who is raped in prison may be unable to remove him-or herself from the vicinity of the perpetrator or perpetrators and thus may be raped repeatedly while incarcerated (Banbury, 2004;Dumond, 2003;Mariner, 2001;Struckman-Johnson et al., 1996). Context of Prison RapeMost of the available evidence regarding the experiences of men who are raped in prison is anecdotal, informal, or otherwise drawn from first-person accounts (e.g., Anderson, 2001;Brook, 2004;Chonco, 1989;Mariner, 2001). These accounts suggest that many initial rape attempt...

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Section: Epidemiological Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Model-Based Estimates of HIV Acquisition Due to Prison Rape

2007

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“…Previous studies have focused largely on a single prison and/or small numbers of inmates (less than 15% of the population). 13,14,[19][20][21][23][24][25][26][27] Hensley et al 19 employed a design in which 100 inmates were randomly selected from three facilities, with an average refusal rate of 42%. Struckman-Johnson et al…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexual Violence Inside Prisons: Rates of Victimization

Wolff

Blitz²,

Shi³

et al. 2006

J Urban Health

176

195

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People in prison are exposed to and experience sexual violence inside prisons, further exposing them to communicable diseases and trauma. The consequences of sexual violence follow the individual into the community upon release. This paper estimates the prevalence of sexual victimization within a state prison system. A total of 6,964 men and 564 women participated in a survey administered using audio-CASI. Weighted estimates of prevalence were constructed by gender and facility size. Rates of sexual victimization varied significantly by gender, age, perpetrator, question wording, and facility. Rates of inmate-on-inmate sexual victimization in the previous 6 months were highest for female inmates (212 per 1,000), more than four times higher than male rates (43 per 1,000). Abusive sexual conduct was more likely between inmates and between staff and inmates than nonconsensual sexual acts. Sexual violence inside prison is an urgent public health issue needing targeted interventions to prevent and ameliorate its health and social consequences, which spatially concentrate in poor inner-city areas where these individuals ultimately return.

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“…), male rape research continually refutes the claim that male rape is non-existent. This is illustrated in the early work of Lockwood (1980) and Scacco (1982), who both demonstrate the occurrence of male rape in US prisons and document that it is common. The increasing prevalence of male rape in prisons is further emphasised:…”

Section: Rape In Institutions and Secondary Victimisationmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…For instance, there could be a general indifference to the negative experiences of prisoners who are there to be punished as criminals; e.g., 'they get what they deserve when raped in prisons' because of the crimes they committed to be incarcerated, although this remains speculative but warrants further research. Moreover, it is found that prison officials also see that any sexual intimacy in prisons is purely of a homosexual nature (Lockwood, 1980). In addition, it has been argued that victim-blaming views are instilled in prison officials, in that they blame prisoners who have been raped for being 'weak' and, thereby, inviting the rape and this justifies exploitation in the eyes of prison officials (Scacco, 1982).…”

Section: Rape In Institutions and Secondary Victimisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Issues in Prison Sexual Violence

Cited by 37 publications

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Model-Based Estimates of HIV Acquisition Due to Prison Rape

Model-Based Estimates of HIV Acquisition Due to Prison Rape

Sexual Violence Inside Prisons: Rates of Victimization

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