It Is the Mix that Matters: Substrate-Specific Enzyme Production from Filamentous Fungi and Bacteria Through Solid-State Fermentation

Screening of Organic Substrates for Solid-State Fermentation, Viability and Bioefficacy of Trichoderma harzianum AS12-2, a Biocontrol Strain Against Rice Sheath Blight Disease

“…SSF has appeared as a suitable technology for the production of microbial biomass [20], and is defined as a process that involves the cultivation of microorganisms on an organic solid substrate, which is generally a non-soluble material that serves as physical support as well as nutrient source [21]. Filamentous fungi are the most frequently used microorganisms for SSF technology [22]. SSF is applied at the commercial scale in the industry for the production of value-added products, such as enzymes, secondary metabolites, antibiotics, organic acids, biofuels, conidia and biomass, by a variety of fungi [23,24].…”

“…SSF has noticeable economic potential in the biopesticide industry [26,27], and offers several advantages over SmF, including higher fermentation productivity, higher product stability, lower capital and operating costs, simpler equipment and media, lower water and energy requirements, less technical difficulties, no need to control several parameters, easier downstream processing and lower demand on sterility due to the low water activity [27][28][29][30][31]. SSF simulates the natural conditions and habitat for fungi [22,32], and it is well adapted to the metabolism of these microorganisms [20]. The fungal spore is the most resistant propagule that survives adverse environmental conditions, especially desiccation [29,33].…”

“…Another advantage of SSF over SmF is that SSF allows the valorization of agro-industrial wastes or by-products, so it provides a sustainable recovery of the resources [22,31,40]. However, SSF has some disadvantages, including higher fermentation time, difficulties on scale-up and in control of process parameters (i.e., substrate moisture level, pH, temperature), as well as problems with heat build-up.…”

“…However, in the SSF process, the microorganism is cultured on different types of organic matter, including agricultural wastes and by-products which are available at low cost. Various substrates can serve as suitable media for the production of inoculum of biocontrol fungi, including cereal grains (wheat, barley, corn, millets and sorghum), cereal brans, cereal straws, husks, meals, plant-based oil cakes, bagasse, molasses and sawdust [22,24,29,43,44].…”

Thermophilic Solid-State Anaerobic Digestion of Corn Straw, Cattle Manure, and Vegetable Waste: Effect of Temperature, Total Solid Content, and C/N Ratio

“…It has been reported that for lignocellulosic biomass, thermophilic SS-AD led to a greater reduction in the amount of cellulose and hemicelluloses than mesophilic SS-AD [ 19 ]. However, instability is a crucial concern for applying SS-AD under thermophilic conditions [ 20 ]. Accumulation of VFAs and decreasing pH values during the start-up phase of thermophilic SS-AD digester failure have been also observed [ 7 , 21 ].…”