“…It is clearly essential to know how patients define value, otherwise the risk exists that care development will focus on what is easy to measure instead of what is most important and of greatest value to the patients. Some major factors affecting the implementation of measuring outcome and cost are (i) data infrastructure, (ii) a systematic approach for the identification of improvement potential and the selection and implementation of improvement initiatives, (iii) governance in which roles and responsibilities of physicians regarding outcome improvement are formalized, and (iv) implementation of outcomes within hospital strategy, policy documents, and the planning and control cycle (Ahmed et al, 2019;Allen et al, 2021;Amini et al, 2021;Bodar et al, 2020;Colldén & Hellström, 2018;Cossio-Gil et al, 2022;Goretti et al, 2020;Kuklinski et al, 2020;Lansdaal et al, 2022;Marotta et al, 2020;Nilsson et al, 2017;Ramos et al, 2021;Rutherford et al, 2021;Schraut et al, 2022;St John et al, 2021;Van Veghel et al, 2020;Varela-Rodríguez et al, 2021;Zipfel et al, 2019). In moving to bundled payments, many current initiatives have been successfully centered on creating bundled payments for surgical care to reduce cost.…”