Italian norms for the Freedman version of the Clock Drawing Test

Abstract

Standardized norms for the Freedman version of the CDT were collected in a large sample of healthy individuals. No adjustments were required for scores on the free-drawn condition, whereas raw scores on the predrawn and examiner-drawn conditions and the total score needed adjustments to account for age effects. The availability of standardized norms for this version of the CDT could increase the use of this comprehensive tool in the detection of dementia.

Clock Drawing Test: A Simple Scoring System for the Accurate Screening of Cognitive Impairment in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia

“…Our results are comparable with the results from previous studies done in Australia [14], Brazil [15], Canada [16], China [17], Czech Republic [9], Denmark [8], Germany [18], Greece [19], Italy [20][21][22], Israel [23], Portugal [24], Slovakia [25] and the USA [26][27][28]. The most interesting comparison is with the Austrian [29], Italian [20][21][22] and Czech [9] studiespopulations with whom we share a similar cultural and historical background.…”

“…In the Austrian study, where a 10-point scoring system was used, it was possible to identify patients with dementia, but not whether they had non-AD or AD dementia [29]. Our results were, therefore, more comparable with the results from the Czech Republic [9] and Italy [20], where the CDT was recognized as an appropriate test for screening purposes (Table 3). In most of the previous studies, more elaborate scoring systems were used, which perhaps renders them less suitable for screening purposes.…”

“…The most interesting comparison is with the Austrian [29], Italian [20][21][22] and Czech [9] studiespopulations with whom we share a similar cultural and historical background. In the Austrian study, where a 10-point scoring system was used, it was possible to identify patients with dementia, but not whether they had non-AD or AD dementia [29].…”

Musical hallucinations in elderly patients with visuospatial impairment: two case reports

“…15 The tasks of praxia indicated visuopercettive disorder (in addition to the previously described visuospatial disorder) and deficits in apraxia ideo-motoria. The ability for logical reasoning was normal.…”

“…Specifically, she obtained a score at the inferior limits of normality in short-term numerical and verbal memory, but the visuospatial ability to repeat sequences was normal (Table 1). [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] The long-term verbal memory was considered normal in the tests with textured material as the brief story presented and in delayed recall of material not related, while the immediate re-enactment could be considered at the lower limits of normality.…”