Item Concreteness and Reported Strategies in Paired-Associate Learning as a Function of Age

Rowe, Edward J.; Schnore, Morris M.

doi:10.1093/geronj/26.4.470

Cited by 68 publications

(38 citation statements)

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“…The older adults used less imagery but more sentence than young adults, whereas young adults chose both strategies to the same extent. Our results are in accordance with previous studies showing that older adults without specific strategy instruction, that is the case for middle pairs, seem to prefer to use sentence rather than imagery (Hertzog & Dunlosky, 2004;Hulicka & Grossman, 1967;Rowe & Schnore, 1971;Whitbourne & Slevin, 1978). However, when strategies are suggested by instruction, older adults remain capable of selecting effective strategies but to a lesser proportion than younger adults.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Previous studies have suggested that imagegeneration ability declines with aging Dror & Kosslyn, 1994;Kemps & Newson, 2005) and that older adults produce more general images and report more irrelevant details about them (Palladino & De Beni, 2003). Moreover, older adults seem to prefer to use sentences rather than imagery when any strategy instruction is given (Hulicka & Grossman, 1967;Rowe & Schnore, 1971). Using strategy reports for each paired-associate word of their study, Dunlosky and Hertzog (1998) showed that older adults are able to comply with instructions to use imagery, and interestingly that both young and older adults reported using imagery for only 70% of items.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Strategy selection and aging: Impact of item concreteness in paired-associate task

Tournier¹,

Postal²

2011

Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition

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The aim of this study was to examine the effect of aging on strategy selection in a paired-associate word task. Twenty-eight younger adults (mean age = 20.68 years) and 28 older adults (mean age = 68.46 years) studied 39 pairs of concrete, middle and abstract words. The concreteness level was manipulated in order to modify the benefit of imagery and sentence strategies in relation to task characteristics. The results showed an age difference in strategy selection in relation to concreteness level. Older adults showed less adaptive strategy selection for the imagery strategy but not for the sentence strategy. Change in strategy selection did not seem to be explained by better efficiency of sentence than imagery, so this study suggests a partial reduction of strategy adaptivity during aging.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strategy selection and aging: Impact of item concreteness in paired-associate task

Tournier¹,

Postal²

2011

Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition

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“…Following this, subjective organization may be considered as a (unconscious or conscious) strategy for recall performance. Taking into account a possible deficit in spontaneous strategy use of older persons for building associations (Naveh-Benjamin, Brav, & Levy, 2007;Rowe & Schnore, 1971), a decline in verbal learning might be due to a deficit in strategy use that is reflected in a deficit in subjective organization.…”

Section: Age-related and Individual Differences In Subjective Organizmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual Differences in Subjective Organization and Verbal Learning in Old Age

Kurtz

Zimprich

2014

Experimental Aging Research

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“…However, previous studies have reported conflicting findings. An increase in the concreteness effect has been demonstrated, (Rowe & Schnore, 1971;Witte & Freund, 1976) as has an attenuation of the effect (Rissenberg & Glanzer, 1987) but this may be attributed to reduced functionality in an underlying cognitive process, such as memory. Peters and Daum (2008) investigated verbal memory and concreteness effects in a cross-sectional study which included three different age groups (mean 21, 42 and 61 years) and demonstrated both preserved and attenuated effects.…”

Section: Concreteness Effects In Ageingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Results from behavioural studies investigating concreteness and ageing have provided mixed results with some reporting increases in the effects of concreteness with ageing (Rowe & Schnore, 1971;Witte & Freund, 1976) while others have shown an attenuation of the effect (Rissenberg & Glanzer, 1987), possibly attributable to reduced cognitive function in underlying processes, such as memory. A cross-sectional study across three age groups (mean ages 21, 42 and 61 years) investigated concreteness effects and verbal memory (Peters & Daum, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurophysiological Markers of Language Recovery in Subacute Stroke

Roxbury¹

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Most patients with aphasia recover language function to some degree, but there is significant variability in the speed, nature, and extent of language recovery that occurs in the months following a stroke. Currently, there is no effective method available to predict how an individual with aphasia will recover. The most accurate predictors of recovery to date rely on global outcome measures which do not provide relevant information regarding recovery of symptoms that are targeted in therapy. The overall goal of this thesis was to examine whether language-related brain activity predicted recovery of specific symptoms in aphasia. The first aim was to gain a clearer understanding of the neural mechanisms which underpin word processing in healthy individuals.Brain activity associated with spoken word processing was investigated firstly in a group of healthy young adults, then in a healthy older cohort in order to ascertain whether task performance was preserved in ageing and if so, whether a preserved performance was underpinned by age-related changes in the neural mechanisms. The second main aim was to investigate the neural substrates which underpin language processing in the subacute (2-6 weeks) and chronic (6 months) phases of aphasia recovery and to determine whether the timing and extent to which these mechanisms are recruited contributes to a good or poor language outcome. An auditory lexical decision task with a novel pseudoword condition was employed to investigate language recovery mechanisms and was selected to ensure that patients with aphasia in the subacute stage would be able to perform the task with sufficient accuracy. The real word stimuli consisted of concrete and abstract items. The stimuli were presented in an event-related fMRI task to young healthy controls, older healthy controls, and patients with aphasia during the subacute and chronic phases post-stroke. A range of behavioural language measures was administered to all three cohorts and at both time points for patients with aphasia.In the healthy young group, concrete words elicited increased activity in a widely distributed network of brain regions including bilateral angular gyrus (AG), left posterior cingulate and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, compared to abstract words. Meanwhile, no region showed increased activity for abstract compared to concrete words, rather differences were only observed in bilateral AG when abstract words were contrasted with pseudowords. In the healthy older group, region of interest (ROI) results identified that a preserved performance was associated with an altered pattern of left hemisphere activity in the inferior and middle frontal regions, the AG and the fusiform gyrus.Differences between the healthy older and healthy young group were identified in key language regions, with the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) showing increased activity for abstract and pseudowords compared to concrete words while increased activity in the left AG was observed in the younger group only.ii In patients with a...

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Item Concreteness and Reported Strategies in Paired-Associate Learning as a Function of Age

Cited by 68 publications

References 0 publications

Strategy selection and aging: Impact of item concreteness in paired-associate task

Strategy selection and aging: Impact of item concreteness in paired-associate task

Individual Differences in Subjective Organization and Verbal Learning in Old Age

Neurophysiological Markers of Language Recovery in Subacute Stroke

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