ITER tritiated waste management by the Host state and first lessons learned for fusion development

Paméla, J.; Bottereau, Jean-Michel; Canas, D.; Decanis, C.; Liger, Karine; Gaune, Frédéric

doi:10.1016/j.fusengdes.2013.12.006

Cited by 13 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Zeolites A, which are hydrophilic, are also used to store tritiated water, generated and required by nuclear applications like ITER. This experimental reactor is supposed to produce, amongst other tritiated wastes, high quantities of pure tritiated water during its working period (Pamela et al, 2013). Its development requires safe storage solutions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogen radiolytic release from zeolite 4A/water systems under γ irradiations

Frances

Grivet

Renault

et al. 2015

Radiation Physics and Chemistry

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International audienceWe irradiated samples of zeolites 4A which contained different quantities of water. We measured the quantity of hydrogen released. Hydrogen radiolytic yields, present two maxima, for two water loading ratios. Hydrogen release is enhanced by the strength of the zeolite/water interaction. Hydrogen release is enhanced by the quantity of water interacting with the zeolite. a b s t r a c t Although the radiolysis of bulk water is well known, some questions remain in the case of adsorbed or confined water, especially in the case of zeolites 4A, which are used to store tritiated water. An en-hancement of the production of hydrogen is described in the literature for higher porous structures, but the phenomenon stays unexplained. We have studied the radiolysis of zeolites 4A containing different quantities of water under 137 Cs gamma radiation. We focused on the influence of the water loading ratio. The enhancement of hydrogen production compared with bulk water radiolysis has been attributed to the energy transfer from the zeolite to the water, and to the influence of the water structure organization in the zeolite. Both were observed separately, with a maximum efficiency for energy transfer at a loading ratio of about 13%, and a maximum impact of structuration of water at a loading ratio of about 4%

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogen radiolytic release from zeolite 4A/water systems under γ irradiations

Frances

Grivet

Renault

et al. 2015

Radiation Physics and Chemistry

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“…6 Zeolites 4A, belonging to the class LTA, are hydrophilic and can be used to store tritiated water, generated along the manipulation of tritium, for nuclear applications like ITER. 7 The development of such a reactor requires safe solutions to store tritiated water.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The 218 different types of zeolites listed are implied in many applications like catalysis, , filtration, , and isotopic separation . Zeolites 4A, belonging to the class LTA, are hydrophilic and can be used to store tritiated water, generated along the manipulation of tritium, for nuclear applications like ITER . The development of such a reactor requires safe solutions to store tritiated water.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Radiolysis of Tritiated Water Stored in Zeolites 4A: Production and Behavior of H₂ and O₂

et al. 2015

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Radiolysis of confined water and self-radiolysis of tritiated water gives rise to several unanswered questions. To take into account this double specificity, we studied systems of zeolites 4A containing tritiated water at different water loading ratios. Two tritiated water were synthesized at the volumetric activities of 27 TBq.L-1 and 60 TBq.L-1. For each one, five samples were prepared, differentiated by their water loading ratios, expressed in percentage, close to 4, 7, 11, 14 and 19 %. The study of the radiolysis in those systems revealed a double role of zeolites 4A: first, they increase the decomposition of water. Then they enhance the recombination of the major stable radiolytic products detected. We actually evidenced a total recombination between H 2 and O 2 which is catalyzed by the zeolites.

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“…Storage facilities have also to deal with tritium release from wastes. For wastes having a tritium release rate above the acceptance criteria of the storage facility, different strategies can be considered: tritiated waste treatment (thermal treatment, incineration …), improved confining drum, confining matrices [9,10]. These methods can be either combined or used separately.…”

Section: Improvement Of Tritiated Waste Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%