Abstract-Recent works have identified massive multiple-inputmultiple-output (MIMO) as a key technology for achieving substantial gains in spectral and energy efficiency. Additionally, the turn to low-cost transceivers, being prone to hardware impairments is the most effective and attractive way for costefficient applications concerning massive MIMO systems. In this context, the impact of channel aging, which severely affects the performance, is investigated herein by considering a generalized model. Specifically, we show that both Doppler shift because of the users' relative movement as well as phase noise due to noisy local oscillators (LOs) contribute to channel aging. To this end, we first propose a joint model, encompassing both effects, in order to investigate the performance of a massive MIMO system based on the inevitable time-varying nature of realistic mobile communications. Then, we derive the deterministic equivalents (DEs) for the signal-to-noise-and-interference ratios (SINRs) with maximum ratio transmission (MRT) and regularized zero-forcing precoding (RZF). Our analysis not only demonstrates a performance comparison between MRT and RZF under these conditions, but most importantly, it reveals interesting properties regarding the effects of user mobility and phase noise. In particular, the large antenna limit behavior depends profoundly on both effects, but the burden due to user mobility is much more detrimental than phase noise even for moderate user velocities (≈ 30 km/h), while the negative impact of phase noise is noteworthy at lower mobility conditions. Moreover, massive MIMO systems are favorable even in general channel aging conditions. Nevertheless, we demonstrate that the transmit power of each user to maintain a certain quality of service can be scaled down at most by 1 √ M (M is the number of BS antennas), which indicates that the joint effects of phase noise and user mobility do not degrade the power scaling law, but only the achievable sum-rate.