IUPAC‐IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (JCBN) Nomenclature of Tetrapyrroles Recommendations 1978

Merritt, Joy E.; Loening, Kurt

doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1980.tb04691.x

Cited by 21 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The structures of 98 chlorophylls that possess a chlorin chromophore are listed in Chart 1a‐g. The nomenclature of chlorophylls comprises many idiosyncratic terms (41) and is necessarily at odds with a number of CAS and IUPAC rules; the names used here generally comport with common usage in the field at present (42–46). The numbering system is provided in Chart 1g.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Absorption and Fluorescence Spectral Database of Chlorophylls and Analogues

Taniguchi

Lindsey

2020

Photochem & Photobiology

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Absorption spectra and fluorescence spectra are essential for use across the photosciences, yet such spectra along with the all‐important values for molar absorption coefficient (ε) and fluorescence quantum yield (Φf) often are found with great difficulty. Here, a literature survey concerning the vital class of chlorophyll compounds has led to identification of spectra for 150 members. Spectra in print form have been digitized (with baseline corrections) and assembled into a database along with literature references, solvent identity and values for ε and Φf (where available). The database encompasses photosynthetic tetrapyrroles wherein the chromophore is a porphyrin (e.g. chlorophyll c1, protochlorophyll a), chlorin (e.g. chlorophyll a, bacteriochlorophyll c) or bacteriochlorin (e.g. bacteriochlorophyll a). Altogether, the database contains 305 absorption spectra (from 19 porphyrins, 109 chlorins and 22 bacteriochlorins) and 72 fluorescence spectra (from 10 porphyrins, 30 chlorins and 4 bacteriochlorins). The spectral database should facilitate comparisons and quantitative calculations. All spectra are available in print form in the Supporting Information. The entire database in digital form is available with the PhotochemCAD program for free downloading and further use at http://www.photochemcad.com.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Absorption and Fluorescence Spectral Database of Chlorophylls and Analogues

Taniguchi

Lindsey

2020

Photochem & Photobiology

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“…In this and the following two sub-sections, a survey of those features likely to be important to an understanding of chlorophyll breakdown is presented. In discussing the names of chlorophylls and their derivatives, the aim is to provide practical, easily understood information, although wherever possible nomenclature of tetrapyrroles will follow the IUPAC-IUB recommendations (Merritt & Loening, 1980). The term, chlorophyll, embraces a family of compounds which are magnesium complexes of tetrapyrrole derivatives.…”

Section: Chlorophylls: Nomenclature and Chemical Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Degradation of Chlorophyll — A Biological Enigma

1987

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Summary Some 109tonnes of chlorophyll are destroyed each year on land and in the oceans. The fate of these chlorophylls is, however, largely unknown. This review describes the developmental stages at which chlorophyll breakdown occurs in aquatic and terrestrial biological systems, and the destruction arising from herbivory, disease, pollution and other physical hazards. At the cellular level, an attempt is made to separate the breakdown of chlorophyll during senescence from the many other events associated with cell destruction and death. A consideration of the more important chemical and biophysical properties of chlorophylls and their derivatives is provided, together with data on their spectral properties. The biosynthetic and biodegradative pathways of chlorophyll metabolism are, so far as is possible, described with some predictions as to the likely fate of the missing tonnes. Two types of degradation are recognized; the first involves up to five defined enzymes concerned with the early stages, the second covers the less well defined enzymic and non‐enzymic destruction of the macrocyclic structure. These degradative reactions are compared with the reactions implicated in the breakdown of other porphyrins including haems in plants and animals. A brief description is given of the occurrence of breakdown products of chlorophyll in past biomass, including those of geological significance and those in a more recent archaeological context. Finally, the economic significance of chlorophyll breakdown is considered in the context of agriculture and horticulture, veterinary and medical sciences, food colouring and cosmetic industries, and the multi‐million‐dollar attraction of autumn leaf fall to tourism.

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“…The range of colors is derived primarily from the structures of the tetrapyrrole rings and peripheral substitutions rather than the bound metal [43]. The predominant green chlorophylls found in photosynthetic tissues of higher plants are reduced porphyrins (dihydrophorphyrins) containing a centrally bound Mg 2+ ion and linked to a long hydrophobic phytol tail through esterification of the acid group at C-17 (IUPAC-IUB nomenclature) [44]. The absorption spectrum of intact chlorophyll molecules shows two dominant bands in the red (Q band) and blue (Soret band) regions and an absorption minimum around 550 nm, giving rise to the perception of a green color.…”

Section: Stress-associated Leaf Spectral Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Signature Optical Cues: Emerging Technologies for Monitoring Plant Health

Liew

Chong

et al. 2008

Sensors

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Optical technologies can be developed as practical tools for monitoring plant health by providing unique spectral signatures that can be related to specific plant stresses. Signatures from thermal and fluorescence imaging have been used successfully to track pathogen invasion before visual symptoms are observed. Another approach for non-invasive plant health monitoring involves elucidating the manner with which light interacts with the plant leaf and being able to identify changes in spectral characteristics in response to specific stresses. To achieve this, an important step is to understand the biochemical and anatomical features governing leaf reflectance, transmission and absorption. Many studies have opened up possibilities that subtle changes in leaf reflectance spectra can be analyzed in a plethora of ways for discriminating nutrient and water stress, but with limited success. There has also been interest in developing transgenic phytosensors to elucidate plant status in relation to environmental conditions. This approach involves unambiguous signal creation whereby genetic modification to generate reporter plants has resulted in distinct optical signals emitted in response to specific stressors. Most of these studies are limited to laboratory or controlled greenhouse environments at leaf level. The practical translation of spectral cues for application under field conditions at canopy and regional levels by remote aerial sensing remains a challenge. The movement towards technology development is well exemplified by the Controlled Ecological Life Support System under development by NASA which brings together technologies for monitoring plant status concomitantly with instrumentation for environmental monitoring and feedback control.

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IUPAC‐IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (JCBN) Nomenclature of Tetrapyrroles Recommendations 1978

Cited by 21 publications

References 20 publications

Absorption and Fluorescence Spectral Database of Chlorophylls and Analogues

Absorption and Fluorescence Spectral Database of Chlorophylls and Analogues

The Degradation of Chlorophyll — A Biological Enigma

Signature Optical Cues: Emerging Technologies for Monitoring Plant Health

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