IV Terminal Stages in the Development of the Human Stapes

Anson, Barry J.; Cauldwell, Earl W.; Reimann, Arthur F.

doi:10.1177/000348944405300105

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…This arrangement, which I observed in this specific study on the development of the stapedius muscle, offers a new vision and clarifies the development and formation of the stapedius muscle. It contradicts the classical conception in which this structure was thought to derive completely from the hyostapedial connection Anson et al 1944;Anson & Bast, 1946) or the interhyale one (Hanson et al 1962). Also, this new evidence contradicts those authors that theorized without making embryonic studies, believing that it derived from the remains of a second visceral bar (Hough, 1958;Grant & Grant, 1991;Patel, 1972).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…Therefore, I disagree with Anson & Bast (1946), in that the stapes had a direct cartilaginous continuity with Reichert’s cartilage and that when this continuity was lost, it would remain joined by the hyostapedial connection. Also, I disagree with the authors (Anson & Cauldwell 1942; Anson et al. 1944; Anson & Bast 1946) who contended that the stapedius muscle would be formed from the hyostapedial connection and with those (Hanson et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…Therefore, I disagree with Anson & Bast (1946), in that the stapes had a direct cartilaginous continuity with Reichert's cartilage and that when this continuity was lost, it would remain joined by the hyostapedial connection. Also, I disagree with the authors Anson et al 1944;Anson & Bast 1946) who contended that the stapedius muscle would be formed from the hyostapedial connection and with those (Hanson et al 1962;Louryan, 1993) who indicated that it would be formed from the interhyale. According to my analysis, the hyostapedial connection and the interhyale correspond to the same structure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…The classic theory, which appears in embryology textbooks (Hamilton & Mossman, 1975;Corliss, 1979;Abramovich, 1997;Moore & Persaud, 1999;Cochard, 2002;Sadler, 2004), holds that this muscle derives from the second pharyngeal arch without establishing any specifics. The single anlage theory traces the origin from the so-called hyostapedial connection Anson et al 1944;Anson & Bast, 1946), from the interhyale (Hanson et al 1962), or from the remaining connection of the hyoid arch that gives rise to tendon, muscle, and pyramidal eminence (Hough, 1958).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of the stapedius muscle and pyramidal eminence in humans

Rodríguez‐Vázquez

2009

Journal of Anatomy

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The aim of the study was to systematize the key developmental phases of the stapedius muscle and the pyramidal eminence to clarify their formation, as well as to understand the variations and anomalies that can affect these structures. Sixty human embryos and fetuses between 38 days and 17 weeks of development were studied. The stapedius muscle is formed by two anlagen, one for the tendon, which derives from the internal segment of the interhyale, and another for the belly, located in the second pharyngeal arch medial to the facial nerve and near the interhyale but forming a completely independent anlage. In the interhyale, two segments were differentiated, these forming an angle; at the vertex, the belly of the stapedius muscle is attached. The internal segment is located from the attachment of the belly of the stapedius muscle to the anlage of the stapes, forming the anlage of the tendon of the stapedius muscle. The external segment completely disappears at the beginning of the fetal period. The pyramidal eminence is formed by an anlage independent of Reichert's cartilage, from the mesenchymal tissue of the tympanic cavity, which condenses around the belly of the stapedius muscle from 12 weeks of postconception development. The length of the tendon of the stapedius muscle in adults varies, depending on the attachment site of the belly of the stapedius muscle in the interhyale, which would determine the length of the internal segment (anlage of the tendon) and consequently the tendon length. This variation depends on the greater or lesser persistence of the angulation observed during development, between the tendon and the belly of the stapedius muscle.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of the stapedius muscle and pyramidal eminence in humans

Rodríguez‐Vázquez

2009

Journal of Anatomy

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Development of the Stapedius Muscle and Unilateral Agenesia of the Tendon of the Stapedius Muscle in a Human Fetus

Rodríguez‐Vázquez

Mérida‐Velasco

Verdugo-López

2009

The Anatomical Record

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The objective was to analyze the development of the stapedius muscle to understand an isolated unilateral absence of the tendon of the stapedius muscle in a human fetus. The study was made on 50 human embryos and fetuses aged 38 days to 17 weeks post-conception. The stapedius muscle was formed by two anlagen, one for the tendon, which derives from the internal segment of the interhyale and another for the belly, located in the second pharyngeal arch, medially to the facial nerve and near the interhyale. In the interhyale, two segments were observed forming an angle and delimited by the attachment of the belly of the stapedius muscle. The internal segment will form the tendon. The lateral segment of the interhyale was attached to the cranial end of the Reichert's cartilage (laterohyale), and normally it disappears at the beginning of the fetal period. The right unilateral agenesia of the tendon of the stapedius muscle, observed for the first time in a human fetus of 14 weeks post-conception development (PCd), was brought about by the lack of formation or the regression of the internal segment of the interhyale. It presented a belly of the stapedius muscle with an anomalous arrangement, and with a pseudo tendon originated by the persistence of the external segment of the interhyale. Anat Rec, 293:25-31, 2010. V V C 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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