Jackfruit Seed-Derived Nanoporous Carbons as the Electrode Material for Supercapacitors

Abstract

Hierarchically porous activated carbon materials from agro-waste, Jackfruit seeds are prepared by a chemical activation method involving the treatment with zinc chloride (ZnCl2) at different temperatures (600–1000 °C). The electrochemical supercapacitance performances of the prepared materials were studied in an aqueous electrolyte (1 M sulfuric acid, H2SO4) in a three-electrode system. Jackfruit seed carbons display nanoporous structures consisting of both micro- and mesopore architectures and they are amorphous in nature and also contain oxygenated surface functional groups, as confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction (pXRD), Raman scattering, and Fourier-transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, respectively. The surface areas and pore volumes were found to be 1216.0 to 1340.4 m2·g−1 and 0.804 to 1.144 cm3·g−1, respectively, demonstrating the better surface textural properties compared to the commercial activated carbons. Due to the high surface area, large pore volume, and well developed hierarchical micro- and mesoporosity, the optimal sample achieved a high specific capacitance of 292.2 F·g−1 at 5 mV·s−1 and 261.3 F·g−1 at 1 A·g−1 followed by outstanding high rate capability. The electrode sustained 71.6% capacity retention at a high current density of 20 A·g−1. Furthermore, the electrode displayed exceptional cycling stability with small capacitance loss (0.6%) even after 10,000 charging–discharging cycles, suggesting that Jackfruit seed would have potential in low-cost and scalable production of nanoporous carbon materials for supercapacitors applications.

Meso/Microporous Carbons from Conjugated Hyper-Crosslinked Polymers Based on Tetraphenylethene for High-Performance CO2 Capture and Supercapacitor

“…However, TPE-CPOP1-800 has higher pore size (2.99 nm) than that of TPE-CPOP2-800 (2.29 nm) and this is leading to the rapid transfer of electrolyte ions at the interface between the electrolyte and the electrode [ 11 , 77 , 78 ]. In addition, this capacitance value is still higher than other reported results of porous carbon derived from natural resources of jackfruit seed and sorghum biomass-derived porous carbons, which achieved 292.2 F g −1 and 240 F g −1 , respectively, at 5 mV s −1 [ 79 , 80 ]. Activation of Lapsi seed yielded porous carbon with high surface area of 1316.7 m 2 g −1 with a capacitance of 317.5 F g −1 at 5 mV s −1 [ 81 ].…”

Redox-Additives in Aqueous, Non-Aqueous, and All-Solid-State Electrolytes for Carbon-Based Supercapacitor: A Mini-Review

“…12 Especially, there is a great enhancement in the capacitance value for carbon-based supercapacitor devices. 13,14 Albeit, along with these advantages, cycling stability has been a potential challenge faced by many redox-additive electrolytes. This limits their commercial aspect since stability plays a crucial role in the SC device.…”

“…With the presence of redox-additive electrolytes, one can ameliorate the overall cell performance through its pseudocapacitive contribution. − During the charge–discharge process, the redox reactions at the electrode material of electrolyte additives act as an active part, conducive to electron transfer across them . Especially, there is a great enhancement in the capacitance value for carbon-based supercapacitor devices. , Albeit, along with these advantages, cycling stability has been a potential challenge faced by many redox-additive electrolytes. This limits their commercial aspect since stability plays a crucial role in the SC device.…”

Nanoarchitectonics of Lotus Seed Derived Nanoporous Carbon Materials for Supercapacitor Applications

“…EDLCs can also be used as supporting sources of power for the startup and speeding up the electric cars and other high-performance automobiles [11]. However, supercapacitors are subject to significant disadvantages due to their comparatively low specific energy (energy density) (1-10 Wh kg −1 ) in comparison to lead-acid batteries (30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40) Wh kg −1 ) and lithium-ion batteries (160 Wh kg −1 ) [12][13][14]. For this reason, intense investigations have been conducted to improve the performance of supercapacitors with respect to the energy density [15][16][17][18][19][20].…”

“…ZnCl 2 is a well-known dehydrating agent and it promotes the breakdown of carbon materials during the carbonization process, and also controls the tar formation [36]. Chemical activation methods are cost-effective giving higher yields, better developed porous structures, and require lower temperatures than physical activation methods [37][38][39][40][41][42][43]. The preparation of nanoporous activated carbon materials usually involves two steps, namely carbonization of the precursor and chemical activation of the carbonized char over a wide temperature ranges from 400 • C to 1000 • C under a constant flow of argon or nitrogen gas.…”