This entry outlines key court decisions that have framed the debate over health care delivery in correctional facilities across the United States. The incidence and prevalence (amount and distribution) of substance abuse, mental illness, and contagious and chronic diseases, among inmates in jails, detention centers, and prisons is presented. Standards and recommendations regarding correctional health care are examined, as well as barriers to the provision of these services. Public health issues associated with the provision of health care in correctional settings are discussed, as well as practical and research implications for social scientists in correctional health care.