Jamming-resistant multi-path routing for reliable intruder detection in underwater networks

Abstract

In this paper, we discuss the performance of multi-path routing techniques in underwater acoustic networks applied to an intruder detection scenario. We assume that a network of submarine sensors is deployed close to a surveilled harbor, with the task to detect outbound surface boats. The communications take place in the 4 to 8 kHz band, in order to favor long-haul transmissions. This band is highly affected by the noise originating from the boat propellers. Therefore, we resort to jamming-resilient techniques such as multi-path transmissions. The latter is accomplished by restricted flooding, and by an adaptive form of source routing as an alternative. Our results show that the inherent redundancy of multi-path routing offers an effective shield against excessive packet losses in the presence of strong jamming. This increases the probability that data packets containing detection information are promptly delivered to the desired sinks, with respect to the performance of static, single-path routing. In particular, restricted flooding achieves the best delivery ratio at the price of a very high number of generated replicas, whereas adaptive source routing trades off a lower delivery ratio for a lower overhead

Minimum Delay Multipath Routing Based on TDMA for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Network

“…Many multipath routing protocols have been proposed in the literary [5][6][7][8][9][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] of wireless sensor networks. Most multipath mechanisms are believed to improve the reliability of networks; some of them also are related to energy saving and latency.…”

“…The multisink structure is studied in [18][19][20][21]26]. The proposal [19] proposes a virtual sink architecture, which allows sensor node to transmit data to one or more sinks to increase reliability and is considered retransmitting a packet simultaneously instead of sequentially.…”

“…The second part of link scheduling algorithm is for the 2 to −1 hops in the multipath routing (lines [17][18][19][20][21][22]. According to the analysis of delay in Section 2, the start transmission time of the links in current hop should be after the packet from the last hop has been received.…”

Packet error recovery via multipath routing and Reed-Solomon codes in underwater networks

“…The contributions of this work are to propose a modified version of a multipath Multi-Sink Routing Protocol (MSRP) presented in [2], and to couple this protocol with a packet-level FEC technique based on RS codes. We compare the performance of our solution in terms of PDR, expected delay to obtain an (uncoded) packet at the destination and duplication overhead.…”

“…Such communications, along with suitable networking protocols, should be able to overcome the multiple limitations of underwater channels and scenarios (i.e., limited bandwidth, long propagation delay, low throughput, high bit error rates and temporary loss of connectivity due to the time-varying channel and noise) [1]. In order to enable point-to-point communications over distances of up to a few km, the nodes may be configured to operate in the 4 to 8 kHz band [2]. However, the main drawback of this band is that it is highly affected by man made noise caused by machinery (pumps, reduction gears) or by the environment (waves, currents, etc.)…”