Japan’s Practical Guidelines for Zinc Deficiency with a Particular Focus on Taste Disorders, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, and Liver Cirrhosis

Kodama, Hiroko; Tanaka, Makoto; Naito, Yuji; Katayama, Kazuhiro; Moriyama, Mitsuhiko

doi:10.3390/ijms21082941

Cited by 88 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…The transaminase level in chronic hepatitis C patients decreased [116], and the serum levels of type IV collagen and tissue inhibitors of matrix-metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) levels in chronic hepatitis patients also decreased [117]. In cirrhosis patients, zinc supplementation may help to improve protein catabolism [118]. As zinc is often involved in standard laboratory examinations, to measure, evaluate, and adequate supplementation are thus all necessary steps.…”

Section: Dietary Intervention For Oxidative Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxidative Stress Management in Chronic Liver Diseases and Hepatocellular Carcinoma

et al. 2020

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Chronic viral hepatitis B and C and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have been widely acknowledged to be the leading causes of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. As anti-viral treatment progresses, the impact of NAFLD is increasing. NAFLD can coexist with chronic viral hepatitis and exacerbate its progression. Oxidative stress has been recognized as a chronic liver disease progression-related and cancer-initiating stress response. However, there are still many unresolved issues concerning oxidative stress, such as the correlation between the natural history of the disease and promising treatment protocols. Recent findings indicate that oxidative stress is also an anti-cancer response that is necessary to kill cancer cells. Oxidative stress might therefore be a cancer-initiating response that should be down regulated in the pre-cancerous stage in patients with risk factors for cancer, while it is an anti-cancer cell response that should not be down regulated in the post-cancerous stage, especially in patients using anti-cancer agents. Antioxidant nutrients should be administered carefully according to the patients’ disease status. In this review, we will highlight these paradoxical effects of oxidative stress in chronic liver diseases, pre- and post-carcinogenesis.

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Section: Dietary Intervention For Oxidative Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxidative Stress Management in Chronic Liver Diseases and Hepatocellular Carcinoma

et al. 2020

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“…In terms of atherosclerosis, there would be a trade-off between the thrombogenic adverse effect of zinc and its anti-arteriosclerotic effects including lipid metabolism and mineralization. Practical guidelines of zinc deficiency in Japan note the potential adverse effects of zinc therapy, including nausea, vomiting, itching, copper deficiency related anemia, and leukopenia [30]. Monitoring of serum zinc level is required to avoid these adverse effects including thrombosis in patients with zinc deficiency.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fifth, the method used for measurement of serum zinc level may be another limitation. In the present study, serum zinc levels were measured according to published practical guidelines for zinc deficiency in Japan [30]. However, fibrinogen contains several binding sites for zin ions [67,68].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Zinc, an essential micronutrient that has catalytic, structural, and regulatory roles [29,30], is absorbed by enterocytes via the intestinal zinc transporter and reaches the bloodstream via basolateral membrane zinc transporter 1, where it binds to albumin in plasma, and can be eliminated by different routes, such as urine and sweat [31]. In insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients, urinary zinc levels are higher as compared to healthy individuals, while gastrointestinal absorption of zinc has also been shown to be decreased in those diabetic patients [32].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Association between Serum Zinc and Calcification Propensity (T50) in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and In Vitro Effect of Exogenous Zinc on T50

et al. 2020

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Zinc inhibits vascular calcification in vivo and in vitro. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus show hypozincemia and are at an elevated risk of cardiovascular events. Recently, an in vitro test (T50-test) was developed for determination of serum calcification propensity and a shorter T50 means a higher calcification propensity. This cross-sectional study investigated the association between serum zinc and T50 in 132 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with various kidney functions. Furthermore, the effect of exogenous zinc on T50 was also investigated in vitro using separately pooled serum samples obtained from healthy volunteers and patients with hemodialysis. We measured T50 levels using the established nephelometric method. The median (interquartile range) levels of T50 and serum zinc were 306 (269 to 332) min, and 80.0 (70.1 to 89.8) µg/dL, respectively. Serum zinc level showed a weak, but positive correlation with T50 (rs = 0.219, p = 0.012). This association remained significant in multivariable-adjusted analysis, and was independent of known factors including phosphate, calcium, and magnesium. Kidney function and glycemic control were not significantly associated with T50. Finally, in vitro experiments showed that addition of a physiological concentration of exogenous zinc chloride significantly increased serum T50. Our results indicate that serum zinc is an independent factor with a potential role in suppressing calcification propensity in serum.

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“…According to European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism guideline, zinc levels should be measured for nutrition screening [ 12 ]. Japanese practical guidelines have generally proposed a serum zinc level >80 µg/dL as a normal zinc status [ 13 ]. However, a recent study on maintenance HD patients recommended a lower serum zinc range (≤78.3 µg/dL) because of the potential for copper deficiency [ 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between Serum Zinc Levels and Clinical Index or the Body Composition in Incident Hemodialysis Patients

Toida

Toida²,

Ebihara

et al. 2020

Nutrients

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Background: The relationships between serum zinc levels and body composition or clinical outcomes of incident hemodialysis (HD) patients remain unclear. Methods: This prospective observational study examined the relationships between serum zinc levels and clinical indexes, including body composition, in 142 incident HD patients using a bioelectrical impedance analysis. Patients were divided into three groups according to baseline serum zinc levels: tertile, <45, 45–59, and ≥60 µg/dL. The reference group was set as ≥60 µg/dL. Cox’s regression analysis was performed to investigate the relationships between serum zinc categories and cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality after adjustments for potential confounders. Results: Serum zinc levels positively correlated with the nutritional index and negatively correlated with fluid volume markers. In a mean follow-up of 2.5 years, there were 20 cases of cardiovascular events and 15 of all-cause mortality. In the Cox’s regression analysis for cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality, the hazard ratio increased with a decrease in serum zinc levels, but was not significant. Conclusion: Serum zinc levels were associated with nutritional and fluid volume markers in incident HD patients. To clarify the relationship between serum zinc levels and cardiovascular events or mortality, further studies with a larger number of cases will be necessary.

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Japan’s Practical Guidelines for Zinc Deficiency with a Particular Focus on Taste Disorders, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, and Liver Cirrhosis

Cited by 88 publications

References 40 publications

Oxidative Stress Management in Chronic Liver Diseases and Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Oxidative Stress Management in Chronic Liver Diseases and Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Association between Serum Zinc and Calcification Propensity (T50) in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and In Vitro Effect of Exogenous Zinc on T50

Association between Serum Zinc Levels and Clinical Index or the Body Composition in Incident Hemodialysis Patients

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