Japanese encephalitis after a two‐week holiday in Bali

Macdonald, Wendy; Tink, Arnold; Ouvrier, Robert; Menser, Margaret A.; Silva, L. M. De; Naim, Helen M.; Hawkes, R. A.

doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1989.tb136498.x

Cited by 54 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The annual number of non-Asian tourists visiting Bali during this time was ∼450,000 [24]. The only other reported case from Bali occurred in an Australian tourist in 1989 [25]. There have been no reported cases among tourists in Bali since 1995.…”

Section: Epidemiology Among Travelersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine for Travelers: Exploring the Limits of Risk

Shlim¹,

Solomon²

2002

CLIN INFECT DIS

106

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The prevention of Japanese encephalitis in travelers presents the juxtaposition of 4 factors: a disease that is widespread throughout Asia, a disease with a low incidence in travelers, a vaccine about which there are safety concerns, and a clinical course that can result in death or permanent disability in two-thirds of symptomatic cases. Travel medicine practitioners often seem to be polarized into 2 groups: a group that gives more weight to the severity of the disease (and therefore often recommend vaccination) and another group that is more persuaded by the low occurrence of cases in travelers (and therefore rarely recommend vaccination). This review assesses the known risks of contracting Japanese encephalitis and the risks associated with the vaccine and tries to develop an appropriate way to recommend this vaccine to travelers who may be at significant risk.

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Section: Epidemiology Among Travelersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine for Travelers: Exploring the Limits of Risk

Shlim¹,

Solomon²

2002

CLIN INFECT DIS

106

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“…All the trials were conducted in adult populations unless specifically mentioned infections in tourists to endemic areas with estimates of 1 to 2 JEV infections per million travelers. [24][25][26][27][28] Bearing in mind the considerable number of reports of side effects, allergic reactions, anaphylaxis and even severe adverse events that were associated with the use of JE-VAX ® , [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] Health Authorities erred on the side of caution and provided a restricted recommendation that travelers intending to stay in endemic regions for a period of a month or longer should consider themselves at greater risk and should therefore consider receiving the only available vaccine, JE-VAX ® , despite the rare potential for adverse reactions. 29 Since production of JE-VAX ® ceased the world's stockpiles of JE vaccine have become severely depleted, signaling a major concern to the WHO which has consequently placed a high priority on the development of new vaccines for the prevention of JE.…”

Section: Vaccines Against Jev Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A critical appraisal of Ixiaro<sup>®</sup> – a cell-derived inactivated vaccine for Japanese encephalitis

Jones¹

2009

VAAT

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Japanese encephalitis is a disease prevalent across a huge swathe of southeast Asia. The number of reported cases of the disease is increasing in countries that do not have a vaccination program, but in contrast, is decreasing in countries that have implemented mass vaccination programs. Clearly vaccination is having some impact, and although visitors to the area are generally thought to be at low risk, vaccination is recommended for those staying 1 month or longer. Until recently, the only licensed vaccine available to them, JE-VAX ® , was made from virus propagated in mouse brain, and among Western Hemisphere recipients of this vaccine, many side effects and adverse events were reported, and production of the vaccine was discontinued in 2007. A new vaccine, Ixiaro ® , has recently been licensed. The vaccine comprises inactivated virus, previously propagated in Vero cells, adsorbed onto an alum adjuvant. In extensive clinical trials in both adult and pediatric populations, Ixiaro ® has proven non-inferior to JE-VAX ® in terms of immunogenicity and seroconversion, but with an improved safety and tolerability profile compared with JE-VAX ® .

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“…Although the probability of exposure to JE viral infection and illness increases with the duration of stay in rural endemic areas, one case occurred in a traveler who made only a few excursions into rural areas while on a 2-week vacation (15 ).…”

Section: Risk For Acquiring Japanese Encephalitis Among Travelersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inactivated Japanese Encephalitis Virus Vaccine: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)

Tsai¹

1993

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccine was available in the United States from 1983 through 1987 on an investigational basis, through travel clinics in collaboration with CDC (1). JE vaccine manufactured by Biken and distributed by Connaught Laboratories, Inc. (Japanese encephalitis virus vaccine, inactivated, JE-VAX), was licensed on December 10, 1992, to meet the needs of increasing numbers of U.S. residents traveling to Asia and to accommodate the needs of the U.S. military.

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Japanese encephalitis after a two‐week holiday in Bali

Cited by 54 publications

References 8 publications

Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine for Travelers: Exploring the Limits of Risk

Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine for Travelers: Exploring the Limits of Risk

A critical appraisal of Ixiaro<sup>®</sup> – a cell-derived inactivated vaccine for Japanese encephalitis

Inactivated Japanese Encephalitis Virus Vaccine: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)

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Japanese encephalitis after a two‐week holiday in Bali

Cited by 54 publications

References 8 publications

Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine for Travelers: Exploring the Limits of Risk

Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine for Travelers: Exploring the Limits of Risk

A critical appraisal of Ixiaro<sup>&reg;</sup> &ndash; a cell-derived inactivated vaccine for Japanese encephalitis

Inactivated Japanese Encephalitis Virus Vaccine: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)

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A critical appraisal of Ixiaro<sup>®</sup> – a cell-derived inactivated vaccine for Japanese encephalitis