Japanese encephalitis in Sri Lanka—the study of an epidemic: vector incrimination, porcine infection and human disease

Peiris, Jsm; Amerasinghe, Felix P.; Amerasinghe, PH; Ratnayake, C.B.; Karunaratne, S.H.P.P.; Tsai, T. F.

doi:10.1016/0035-9203(92)90325-7

Cited by 88 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Anopheles subpictus has recently been incriminated as a secondary vector of human malaria , MENDIS et al 1992 MENDIS et al 1990MENDIS et al , 1992AMERASINGHE et al 1991;RAMASAMY et al 1992 (PEIRIS et al 1987(PEIRIS et al , 1992. In addition, Cx.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nocturnal biting rhythms of mosquitoes (Diptera Culicidae) in Sri Lanka

Amerasinghe

Indrajith

1995

Tropical Zoology

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nocturnal biting rhythms of mosquitoes (Diptera Culicidae) in Sri Lanka

Amerasinghe

Indrajith

1995

Tropical Zoology

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“…Mosquitoes transported to the DVBID were identified and processed for virus isolation in Vero cell culture. 13 Specimens retained by the Cantacuzino Institute were identified and tested for WN virus by antigencapture ELISA 14,15 and by suckling-mouse brain assay.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Entomologic and avian investigations of an epidemic of West Nile fever in Romania in 1996, with serologic and molecular characterization of a virus isolate from mosquitoes.

Savage

Ceianu²,

Nicolescu³

et al. 1999

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

254

167

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Abstract. Between July and October 1996, a West Nile (WN) fever epidemic occurred in the southern plain and Danube Valley of Romania and in the capital city of Bucharest, resulting in hundreds of neurologic cases and 17 fatalities. In early October 1996, entomologic and avian investigations of the epidemic were conducted in the city of Bucharest and nearby rural areas. Thirty (41%) of 73 domestic fowl sampled had neutralizing antibody to WN virus, including 5 of 13 ducks (38%), 1 of 1 goose, 19 of 52 chickens (37%), 1 of 1 peahen, and 4 of 6 turkeys (67%). Seroprevalence in domestic fowl (27%, or 7 of 26) from the urban Bucharest site was not significantly different (P ϭ 0.08, by Fisher's exact test) than rates at three rural sites (50%, or 23 of 46). Serum collected from one of 12 Passeriformes, an Erithacus rubecula, was positive for neutralizing antibody to WN virus. A total of 5,577 mosquitoes representing seven taxa were collected. Culex pipiens pipiens accounted for 96% of the mosquitoes collected. A single virus isolate, RO97-50, was obtained from a pool of 30 Cx. p. pipiens females aspirated from the walls and ceiling of a blockhouse located near the center of Bucharest, resulting in a minimum infection rate of 0.19 per 1,000. Antisera prepared against RO97-50 failed to distinguish among RO97-50, WN virus strain Eg101, and Kunjin (KUN) virus strain MRM16. A 2,323-basepair DNA fragment of the envelope (E) glycoprotein gene from RO97-50 and a Romanian WN virus strain obtained from a human cerebrospinal fluid sample, RO96-1030, were sequenced. Phylogenetic analyses of 23 WN virus strains and one KUN virus strain using the amino acid and nucleotide sequences for a small portion of the E gene suggest the existence of two large lineages of viruses. Bootstrap analysis of the nucleotide alignment indicated strong support (95%) for a lineage composed of WN virus strains from northern Africa, including isolates from Egypt and Algeria, and west, central, and east Africa, all of the European isolates, those from France and Romania, an Israeli isolate, and an isolate of KUN virus from Australia. The nucleotide sequence of RO97-50 was identical to the sequence of a WN virus isolate obtained from Cx. neavei mosquitoes from Senegal and Cx.

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“…17 During the 1985 outbreak in the Anuradhapura District 36.8% (120/326) clinically suspected cases were confirmed as due to JEV 18 and in the 1987 outbreak 48.5% (361/744) were found to be due to JEV. 19 Similar high percentages of JE cases among viral encephalitis patients have been recorded in Southeast Asian countries in the past. [20][21][22][23] The viral encephalitis cases that were negative for JEV infection in the present study may have been due to other common aetiological agents such as mumps, measles, enteroviruses such as coxsackie and echo, herpes simplex, and adenoviruses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 52%

Japanese encephalitis virus infection in an endemic area: hospital based study 1998 to 2000

Gunasekera

Senanayake

Mendis

et al. 2012

Sri Lankan J Infec Dis

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The Gampaha Deputy Provincial Director of Health Services (DPDHS) division reported a large number of Japanese encephalitis (JE) cases during 1996 to 1997. Notified cases included unconfirmed and confirmed cases. A study to determine the true disease burden was considered necessary. The proportion of undifferentiated fever cases due to Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) varies in different populations and the Sri Lankan situation is not known. The objectives were to determine the proportion of undifferentiated fever cases and encephalitis cases due to JEV and the case fatality rate and frequency of neurological sequelae in JE in a tertiary care hospital in Gampaha. A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in the paediatric and medicine units of the North Colombo Teaching Hospital, Ragamafrom 1998 to 2000. Ninety three randomly selected patients with a diagnosis of undifferentiated fever from whom paired sera could be collected and 32 patients suspected of encephalitis which were not overtly due to mumps, measles or chicken-pox were included. The Armed Forces Research Institute in Medical Sciences Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for anti-JEV immunoglobulin M and G was used to confirm JEV infection. One of 93 (1.08%) undifferentiated fever cases was due to JEV infection. Eleven of 32 (34.38%) encephalitis cases had JEV infection and 3 (27.3%) had IgM antibodies to JEV in cerebrospinal fluid. Case fatality rate and sequelae at discharge were 11.1% each. JEV was an important cause of encephalitis in Gampaha during this period.

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Japanese encephalitis in Sri Lanka—the study of an epidemic: vector incrimination, porcine infection and human disease

Cited by 88 publications

References 10 publications

Nocturnal biting rhythms of mosquitoes (Diptera Culicidae) in Sri Lanka

Nocturnal biting rhythms of mosquitoes (Diptera Culicidae) in Sri Lanka

Entomologic and avian investigations of an epidemic of West Nile fever in Romania in 1996, with serologic and molecular characterization of a virus isolate from mosquitoes.

Japanese encephalitis virus infection in an endemic area: hospital based study 1998 to 2000

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